1. Prentice Hall Writing and Grammar Chapter 20
Phrases and Clauses

2. Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech.
Phrases do not contain a subject and a verb.

3. Using Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is made up of at least two parts: a preposition and a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition.
near jungles
near remote Asian jungles
near remote Asian grasslands and jungles

4. Using Phrases That Act as Adjectives
An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one.
The story about tigers begins now.
The tiger with the stripes faced us.

5. Using Phrases That Act as Adverbs
An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, and adjective, or an adverb.
Bring your panda bear to the desk.
The parade began at exactly eleven o’clock.
Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what way, or to what extent.

6. Using Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it.
The naturalist John James Audubon identified several eagles.
The plains bison has a simple scientific name: Bison bison.
We visited the Empire State: New York

7. Appositive phrases
An appositive phrase is a noun or pronoun with modifiers. It stands next to a noun or pronoun and adds information or details.
The Asian water buffalo, an animal similar to the American bison, lives in Asia.
Willa Cather, an American novelist, wrote My Antonia.
Two birds, the hawk and the eagle, are easily confused.
This animal, the American buffalo, is one of the largest land mammals.

8. Clauses A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.
There are two types of clauses: independant clause and subordinate clause.

9. Using Independent and Subordinate Clauses
An independent clause has a subject and a verb and can stand by itself as a complete sentence.
The ski lift took us up the mountain.
Lance Armstrong, an American cyclist, won the Tour de France.
In the morning, we practiced on the beginner’s ski slope.

10. Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb, but cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. It is only part of a sentence.
After she reached the top of the cliff
When the bicycle had a flat tire
When mountain biking began in California

11. Look at the independent and subordinate clauses:
When mountain biking began in California, it did very well.
Although regular bikes did not work very well, most people couldn’t afford to buy special bikes.
Cyclists ride, although sometimes the weather is not nice.

12. Classifying Sentences by Structure
A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause.
The bell rang.
You and I need some lessons.
The skier turned and jumped.
My mother and father wished me luck and drove me to the race.
I tried ski-jumping and snowboarding.
She rode up the path to school.

13. The Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses.
Compound sentences are almost always joined with a comma/conjunction or with a semicolon.
Bridget ran the first part, and Tara biked the second part.
Bridget ran the first part; Tara biked the second part.

14. The Complex Sentence
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
This is the event that he describes in the book.
Andrea, who plays basketball, won a trophy.
Because Kayla has so much climbing experience, we asked her to lead our group.

15. Phrases and Clauses Review
Simple Sentences
Compound and Complex Sentences
Phrases and Objects
Prepositional Phrases
Clauses and Compound Sentences