1. Civics & Economics Final Exam Prep Passing the Civics & Economics Final Exam

2. Goal 1: The learner will analyze the foundations and development of American government in terms of principles and values. Explain how the tensions over power and authority led America’s founding fathers to develop a constitutional democracy (e.g., mercantilism, salutary neglect, taxation and representation, boycott and protest, independence, American Revolution, Articles of Confederation, Ben Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Sons of Liberty, etc.). Clarifying Objective

3. Magna Carta, 1215 An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

4. Enlightenment Philosophers John Locke – Natural rights, rights people are born with, government can’t take away. Montesquieu – Separation of powers, dividing government power among legislative, executive, & judicial branches. Rousseau – Social contract, people give up some rights in order to receive social order.

5. VA House of Burgesses, 1619 The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Other colonies would use the houses of burgesses as a model for their colonial legislature. Based on the design of Britain’s Parliament

6. Mercantilism Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.

7. Long-term causes of Revolution Anger over foreign rule Mercantilism Tradition of self-government Violation of natural rights and civil liberties “No taxation without representation”

8. Short-term causes of Revolution “Shot heard around the World” fired at Lexington and Concord Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” Declaration of Independence

9. Declaration of Independence, 1776 Second Continental Congress Signed July 4, 1776 It dissolved the colonies' ties with Britain, stated natural rights, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation.

10. Articles of Confederation Powers rested with the individual states. Major weakness - gave little power to the federal government – No power to tax or regulate commerce Major success - settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. Shay’s Rebellion led to the Constitutional Convention.

11. Goal 7: The learner will investigate how and why individuals and groups make economic choices.

12. Factors of Production Resources necessary to produce goods and services The four factors of production are natural resources, labor, capital, and entrepreneurs.

13. Natural Resources Gifts of nature that make production possible

14. Labor Human effort directed toward producing goods and services

15. Capital Previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services

16. Entrepreneurs Individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques

17. Scarcity Not having enough resources to produce all of the goods and services we would like to have

18. Trade-offs The alternative you face if you decide to do one thing rather than another

19. Opportunity Costs The cost of the next best alternative use of time and money when choosing to do one thing rather than another

20. Law of Diminishing Returns The tendency for a continuing application of effort or skill toward a particular project or goal to decline in effectiveness after a certain level of result has been achieved.

21. Marginal Utility The additional satisfaction a consumer gains from consuming one more unit of a good or service.

22. Productivity The degree to which resources are being used efficiently to produce goods and services

23. Specialization When people, businesses, regions and/or nations concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better than anyone else

24. Division of Labor The breaking down of a job into separate, smaller tasks to be performed individually

25. Needs Requirements for survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter

26. Wants Things we would like to have, such as entertainment, vacations, and items that make life comfortable and enjoyable

27. Cost-Benefit Analysis Economic model that compares the marginal costs and marginal benefits of a decision

28. Command Economy An economic system in which the major economic decisions are made by the central government

29. Market Economy An economic system in which individuals own the factors of production and make economic decisions through free interaction

30. Mixed Economy An economic system combining the characteristics of more than one type of economy

31. Traditional Economy An economic system in which the decisions of what, how, and for whom to produce are based on custom or habit

32. Civics & Economics Top 100 What every student should know to pass the Civics & Economics EOC Goal 8

33. Goal 8: The learner will analyze features of the economic system of the United States.

34. Economic Questions Economics is the study of how we make decisions in a world where resources are limited. WHAT to produce? HOW to produce? FOR WHOM to produce?

35. Free Enterprise System Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

36. Circular Flow Model Circular flow shows us that input from each sector and to each sector spurs on production and thus goods and services are created.

37. Supply The amount of goods and services that producers are able and willing to sell at various prices during a specified time period Law of Supply – the principle that suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices

38. Demand The desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service Law of Demand – the concept that people are normally willing to buy less of a product if the price is high and more of it if the price is low

39. Types of Income Wages – Payment for labor or services to a worker, especially remuneration on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis or by the piece. Salary – Fixed compensation for services, paid to a person on a regular basis.

40. Surplus Situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded Situation in which government spends less than it collects in revenue

41. Shortage Situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

42. Competition The struggle that goes on between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices

43. Types of Businesses Sole Proprietorship – a business owned and operated by a single person Partnership – a business owned by two or more people Corporation – type of business organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person

44. Labor Unions Association of workers organized to improve wages and working conditions

45. Investments An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will be sold at a higher price in the future.

46. Civics & Economics Top 100 What every student should know to pass the Civics & Economics EOC Goal 9

47. Goal 9: The learner will analyze factors influencing the United States economy.

48. Business Cycle Alternating periods of growth, and decline that the economy goes through

49. Economic Indicators Series of statistical figures, such as the consumer price index or the gross domestic product, used by economists to predict future economic activity.

50. Consumer Price Index An index of prices used to measure the change in the cost of basic goods and services in comparison with a fixed base period. Also called cost-of-living index.

51. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The total market value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.

52. Government Regulation A regulation is a legal restriction promulgated by government administrative agencies through rulemaking supported by a threat of sanction or a fine. Common examples of regulation include attempts to control market entries, prices, wages, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods and services.

53. Globalization Individuals and nations working across barriers of distance, culture, and technology

54. Downsizing To become smaller in size by reductions in personnel

55. Regional Economic Issues North Carolina’s furniture and textile industries have been affected by globalization. Many factories in North Carolina have closed.

56. Tariffs A customs duty; a tax on an imported good

57. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to establish free trade. It took effect in 1994 and is designed to eliminate trade barriers between the three nations by 2009.

58. World Trade Organization (WTO) An international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

59. European Union (EU) An economic and political union established in 1993 by members of the European Community. The establishment of the European Union expanded the political scope of the European Economic Community, especially in the area of foreign and security policy, and provided for the creation of a central European bank and the adoption of a common currency, the euro.

60. Federal Reserve System A U.S. banking system that consists of 12 federal reserve banks, with each one serving member banks in its own district. This system, supervised by the Federal Reserve Board, has broad regulatory powers over the money supply and the credit structure.

61. National Debt The debt of the government; the amount of borrowing by the government to meet expenditures exceeding tax revenues.

62. Inflation Sustained increase in the general level of prices

63. Civics & Economics Top 100 What every student should know to pass the Civics & Economics EOC Goal 10

64. Goal 10: The learner will develop, defend, and evaluate positions on issues regarding the personal responsibilities of citizens in the American constitutional democracy.

65. Civic Responsibilities It is comprised of actions and attitudes associated with democratic governance and social participation. Civic responsibility can include participation in government, church, volunteers and memberships of voluntary associations.

66. Discrimination Unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group

67. Freedom Freedom emphasizes the opportunity given for the exercise of one's rights, powers, desires, or the like: freedom of speech or conscience; freedom of movement.

68. Public Problems Under employment Education needs Graft and corruption Citizen apathy Disease Poverty Substance abuse Discrimination Waste Disposal Homelessness Crime Pollution

69. Choices The power, right, or liberty to choose