1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 6 Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Perception  Selective Attention the focusing of conscious awareness on a on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

3. Elements of Selective attention zCocktail party effect: one’s ability to attend to only one voice among many (though, let another voice speak your name and your cognitive radar will instantly bring that voice into consciousness. zInattentional blindness: failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. zhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY

4. Change Blindness Change blindness: Failing to perceive a change in environment due to attention focused on different task. (a form of inattentional blindness)

5. Perceptual Illusions Muller-Lyer illusion, size-distance constancies

6. Perceptual Illusions

7. Monocular cues for distance: linear perspective and relative height

8. Perceptual Illusions Monocular cue for distance: relative clarity

9. Perceptual Illusions

10. Grouping principles: continuity

11. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt  Visual Capture  tendency for vision to dominate the other senses  Additional cause of the McGurk Effect  Gestalt--an organized whole  tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

12. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt  Grouping  the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.  Grouping Principles  proximity--group nearby figures together  similarity--group figures that are similar  continuity--perceive continuous patterns  closure--fill in gaps  connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

13. PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles

14. Perceptual Organization: Illusory Contours

15. Perceptual Organization  Figure-Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

16. PerceptualOrganization: Closure  Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

17. PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles  Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

18. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception  Depth Perception  ability to see objects in three dimensions  allows us to judge distance  Binocular cues  retinal disparity  images from the two eyes differ  closer the object, the larger the disparity  convergence  neuromuscular cue  two eyes move inward for near objects

19. Retinal Disparity

20. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Visual Cliff

21. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception  Monocular Cues  relative size  smaller image is more distant  interposition  closer object blocks distant object  relative clarity  hazy object seen as more distant  texture coarse --> close fine --> distant

22. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Relative Size

23. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Interposition

24. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception  Monocular Cues (cont.)  relative height  higher objects seen as more distant  relative motion  closer objects seem to move faster  linear perspective  parallel lines converge with distance  relative brightness  closer objects appear brighter

25. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Relative Height

26. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Perspective Techniques

27. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Light and Shadow

28. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Illusory Depth

29. Perceptual Constancy  Perceptual Constancy  perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change  color  shape  size

30. Perceptual Constancy

31. Movement Phi phenomenon – an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

32. Movement zStroboscopic movement: the brain will perceive continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images. A motion picture creates this illusion by flashing 24 still pictures each second (or 24 fps).

33. Perceptual Organization

34. Ponzo Illusion continued…

35. The other Moon Illusion: “Light and Shadow”

36. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Illusory Depth Explanation

37. Perceptual Organization: Muller-Lyer Illusion

38. Perceptual Organization: Size-Distance Relationship

39. Perceptual Organization- Lightness Constancy The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.

40. Perceptual Organization- Lightness Constancy The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.

41. PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles  Impossible doghouse

42. Sensory Restriction: Blakemore & Cooper, 1970  Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

43. Perceptual Interpretation  Perceptual Adaptation  (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field  prism glasses  Perceptual Set  a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

44. Perceptual Set: Schemas  What you see in the centeris influenced byperceptual set

45. Perceptual Set: Schemas Flying Saucers or Clouds? Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Jean Paiget identified this intellectual progression. Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.

46. Perceptual Set: Schemas What do you see? You lie!

47. Perceptual Set: Schemas Left half of the room: Trainer and Seal Right half of the room: ballroom dancing

48. Context Effects zContext effect: a given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions, partly because of different schemas, but also because of immediate context.

49. Context Effects zThe Kuleshov Effect is a film editing (montage) effect demonstrated by Soviet filmmaker Lev Kuleshov in the 1910s and 1920s. It is a mental phenomenon by which viewers derive more meaning from the interaction of two sequential shots than from a single shot in isolation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA_7XSpNde0

50. Perception and the Human Factor  Human Factors Psychology  explores how people and machines interact  explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

51. Perceptual Set: Human Factors Actual descent path Pilot’s perceived descent path Altitude looks this much higher 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Distance from runway (miles) 10 8 6 4 2 0 Altitude (thousands of feet)

52. APply Sensation and Perception Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT (A) bitter (B) sweet (C) salty (D) spicy (E) Sour WHY??? Two explanations…

53. APply Sensation and Perception The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual’s (A) contrast sensitivity (B) absolute threshold (C) response threshold (D) critical frequency (E) just noticeable difference Explain difference between B & E

54. APply Sensation and Perception A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? (A) Texture gradient (B) Relative size (C) Motion parallax (D) Retinal disparity (E) Linear perspective Other cues for depth??? Monocular vs. binocular?

55. APply Sensation and Perception The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as (A) closure (B) proximity (C) similarity (D) feature analysis (E) shape constancy

56. APply Sensation and Perception Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. In which of the following situations would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth? (A) Looking down a railroad track as it disappears into the distance (B) Looking out a train window at passing scenery (C) Throwing a ball to a friend (D) Watching two people approach from different distances. (E) Watching a crowd of children at play in a school yard WHY???

57. Is There Extrasensory Perception?  Extrasensory Perception  controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input  telepathy  clairvoyance  precognition  Parapsychology  the study of paranormal phenomena  ESP  psychokinesis