1. The Constitutional Convention Independence Hall Philadelphia, PA 1787

2. Who? 55 delegates arrived, with each state except Rhode Island represented55 delegates arrived, with each state except Rhode Island represented George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin were among the delegatesGeorge Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin were among the delegates Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were not presentThomas Jefferson and John Adams were not present

3. Who? George Washington was picked to preside over the conventionGeorge Washington was picked to preside over the convention James Madison’s ideas would prove the most influential; he is known as the “Father of the Constitution”James Madison’s ideas would prove the most influential; he is known as the “Father of the Constitution”

4. Where? Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now called Independence Hall)Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now called Independence Hall) Same location as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the AoCSame location as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the AoC

5. Where? Summer heat! …and the windows were closed because delegates agreed to keep the proceedings secretSummer heat! …and the windows were closed because delegates agreed to keep the proceedings secret

6. Where? Delegates were sent to amend the Articles of ConfederationDelegates were sent to amend the Articles of Confederation But the problems with the AoC convinced the delegates that an entirely new constitution was neededBut the problems with the AoC convinced the delegates that an entirely new constitution was needed Independence Hall and Philadelphia’s modern skyline

7. Overview

8. The Constitution 3 branches3 branches Checks & balancesChecks & balances Majority rule, minority rightsMajority rule, minority rights Federalism = strong central gov’t w/ powers reserved for statesFederalism = strong central gov’t w/ powers reserved for states Article I – legislativeArticle I – legislative Article II – executiveArticle II – executive Article III – judicialArticle III – judicial Article IV – statesArticle IV – states Article V – amendment processArticle V – amendment process Article VI – national supremacyArticle VI – national supremacy Article VII – ratificationArticle VII – ratification Amendments… starting with Bill of RightsAmendments… starting with Bill of Rights

9. Compromises

10. The Great Compromise Constitutional Compromises

11. The Great Compromise vs. William Paterson New Jersey Plan James Madison Virginia Plan

12. The Solution: Bicameral (two-house) legislature Bicameral (two-house) legislature – House of Representatives with proportional representation – Senate with equal representation (2 per state, chosen by state legislatures until passage of 17 th Amendment) Sometimes called the Connecticut CompromiseSometimes called the Connecticut Compromise The Great Compromise Roger Sherman of Connecticut

13. The Great Compromise Three Fifths Compromise Constitutional Compromises

14. Three-Fifths Compromise vs. (Mostly) Free States of the North Slave States of the South

15. The Solution: For purposes of representation, every five slaves would count as three “people” in the censusFor purposes of representation, every five slaves would count as three “people” in the census Three-Fifths Compromise equals 5 3

16. The Great Compromise Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise Constitutional Compromises

17. Electoral College vs. Direct Election by the People Chosen by Congress How should the president be chosen?

18. The Solution: Indirect election – voters cast ballots for president…Indirect election – voters cast ballots for president… The candidate who wins a majority in each state takes all the state’s electoral votesThe candidate who wins a majority in each state takes all the state’s electoral votes George Washington, our first President Electoral College

19. Electoral votes per state = # senators + # representatives

21. Trade Compromise The Great Compromise Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise Constitutional Compromises

22. Trade Compromise vs. North - wanted government to have power to regulate trade South - Feared interference with slave trade, taxes on exports

23. The Solution: Congress gets power to regulate tradeCongress gets power to regulate trade Congress cannot tax exports; Congress cannot regulate/ban the slave trade for 20 yearsCongress cannot tax exports; Congress cannot regulate/ban the slave trade for 20 years Trade Compromise The importation of slaves continued until 1808

24. Trade Compromise The Great Compromise Electoral College Three Fifths Compromise Constitutional Compromises

25. Ratification

26. The Finished Constitution On Sept. 7, 1787 all but three delegates signed the final draft of the Constitution

27. Ratification Debate Federalists vs. Anti- Federalists

28. Bill of Rights Added to appease critics of the Constitution (anti- Federalists)

29. Later Compromise North North gets consolidation of national debt (northern states had larger debts b/c most of war occurred there) gets consolidation of national debt (northern states had larger debts b/c most of war occurred there) South South gets national capital moved south from New York to District of Columbia (between Maryland & Virginia) gets national capital moved south from New York to District of Columbia (between Maryland & Virginia)