1. Cells the Basic Units of Life 1-2 Eukaryotic Cells

2. Essential Questions/Learning Goals:  Identify the different parts of a eukaryotic cell  Explain the function of each type of organelle in a given eukaryotic cell.

3. Science Terms  Cell Wall  Mitochondrion  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Ribosome  Golgi Complex  vesicle  Lysosome

4. What organelles do plant and animal cells have in common?  Nucleus  Ribosomes  Cell membrane  Cytoplasm

5. What organelles are different between plant and animal cells?  Plants have …  A cell wall  chloroplasts

6. Cell Wall  Do all eukaryotes have a cell wall?  No. Only plants and fungi have a cell wall.  What is the function of the cell wall?  The cell wall provides a strong outer layer that allows plants to stand upright and grow very tall. (sequoia trees).  Does the cell wall need anything to keep it strong?  Yes. The cell wall needs water!

8. Cell wall continued  How are the cell walls of fungi different from the cell walls of plants?  The cell wall in plants is made of cellulose.  The cell wall in fungi is made of chitin.

9. Cell Membrane  Do all organisms have a cell membrane?  YES!!!!  What is the purpose of the cell membrane?  To provide a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside environment.  What is it made of?  It is made of a double layer of “fats”.

10. How do nutrients and wastes get through the membrane?  The membrane has pores or small openings that allow small particles to enter or leave.  Larger nutrients and wastes need to go through special protein passageways.

11. Cytoskeleton  What is it?  It is a web of proteins found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.  The word means “cell skeleton”.  What is its purpose?  To support the cell (keep it from collapsing)  To help with movement in some cells.

12. Nucleus  What is it?  It is the control center for the cell (like a brain)  What kinds of cells have a nucleus?  Just eukaryotes!  What does it contain within it?  DNA

13. DNA  What is the purpose of DNA?  DNA contains all of the instructions for making stuff the cell needs and directions for reproduction.

14. Inside the Nucleus  Does the Nucleus have a membrane?  Yes a double layered membrane  What’s inside the nucleus?  The nucleolus (little nucleus)

15. What does the Nucleolus Do?  We’re not sure, but we think that ribosomes are made here.  How do the ribosomes get out of the nucleolus and nucleus to enter the cytoplasm?  The ribosomes travel from the nucleus to the rest of the cell through pores or small openings in the nuclear membrane.

16. Ribosomes  Ribo = colored and Some = body  Do they have a membrane?  No!  What do they do for the cell?  They make proteins from smaller pieces called amino acids.  Do cells have many ribosomes?  Yes, ribosomes are the most numerous organelles in a cell.

17. Where in a cell can you find Ribosomes?  Some are found floating in the cytoplasm  Some are found attached to membranes.  They make the endoplasmic reticulum into rough endoplasmic reticulum.

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Endo means:  Within  Plasmic means:  Fluid  Reticulum means:  Passageways or tubes  Fluid Filled (within) Passageways.

19. What is the purpose of the ER?  They are like highways, roads, or hallways for moving things within a cell.

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum

21. Two Types of ER  Smooth ER:  No Ribosomes (it looks smooth)  Makes lipids (fats)  Breaks down toxic materials  Rough ER:  Has ribosomes all along its length (looks rough)  Purpose:  Makes proteins (because of the ribosomes!)  Found closer to the nucleus

22. Mitochondria  Purpose:  “Powerhouse” for the cell.  Provides the cell with energy.  How does it do this?  It breaks sugar into an energy molecule called ATP  Do all cells have mitochondria?  No, but most do.

23. Mito’s continued  What is “odd” about DNA and Mitochondria?  Mitochondria have their own DNA that is different from the rest of the cell.  What could this mean?  It has been theorized that mitochondria were once separate organisms that “fused” into another cell in a symbiotic relationship (mutualism!)

24. Chloroplasts  Purpose:  Make food for cell from light.  What kinds of cells have them?  Plant cells. (green parts only!)  What is the name of the process that allows chloroplasts to make food from light?  Photosynthesis

25. Chloroplast

27. Golgi Complex  Purpose:  Food Storage (like a grocery store)  Packages and stores proteins for the cell  Looks like:  The Smooth ER, except the passages are closed off.  A stack of pancakes.

28. Golgi Complex

29. Cell Compartments  Vesicles:  Carry things around the cell  Can even bring things to be dumped outside of the cell.

30. Cellular Digestion  Lysosomes:  Contain enzymes that break down wastes and other bad things. (think of Lysol!)  Found mostly in animal cells  Vacuoles:  Usually store water  Can store enzymes too.  Found mostly in plants cells.  Helps keep the cell strong too (full vacuole keeps the cell more rigid