1. Chapter 4 Section 2

2.  Leaders of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet in Vienna, Sept.1814  Called the Congress of Vienna  Klemens von Metternich was the leader of the Congress  Wanted everyone to work together to keep kings in power  Rulers that ruled before Napoleon would be put back in power  Called the Principle of Legitimacy

3.  European rules believed in Conservatism ◦ Keeping things the same, (monarchy)  Congress also agreed to meet periodically  Their meetings were called the Concert of Europe  Principle of Intervention ◦ If a revolution broke out in one country, Concert of Europe stop it

4.  1. Liberalism ◦ Political philosophy that came from Enlightenment ◦ Said that people should be as free from gov’t rule as possible ◦ All people are equal ◦ Liberals wanted a Bill of Rights ◦ Separation of church and state ◦ Limited monarchy ◦ Representative gov’t

5.  2. Nationalism ◦ People began to feel that they were the nation, not the king ◦ A threat to kings and empires

6.  3. Revolutionary Outbursts ◦ 1830, Liberalism and nationalism start wars ◦ Nationalist revolts in France, Belgium, and Dutch Republic ◦ Concert of Europe sent armies to crush many of these rebellions

7.  1. Another French Revolution ◦ People of France wanted Universal Male Suffrage  All men given the right to vote ◦ A Republic was established and Louis Napoleon elected president

8.  2. Trouble in German States ◦ Germany made up of 38 independent states ◦ Called the German Confederation ◦ Austria and Prussia were most powerful states ◦ German rulers promised constitutions and Universal Male Suffrage ◦ Rulers never followed through

9.  3. Revolutions in Central Europe ◦ Austria was a multinational state  Collection of different races and ethnic groups ◦ Austria ruled by the Hapsburgs, German- speaking elite ◦ 1848, Revolution breaks out, but Russia helps stop it

10.  4. Revolts in Italian States ◦ Italy controlled by Austria ◦ Italy made up of 9 states ◦ 1848, Italians try to revolt against Austria ◦ 1849, Austria reestablished control