1. POLYMER ROAD TECHNOLOGY

2. 1 STABILIZATION 1.1 What is stabilization? .
A process in which small quantities of additive(s) is used and added to the existing materials which can significantly improve the normal engineering properties of soils, crushed rocks and gravels e.g. CBR, permeability and strength etc.. .
1.2 How to carry out stabilization?
* Usually carry out in-situ
* Sometimes in a centralized processing plant
Soil
Soil + Cement
Soil+Cement+Polymer 1

3. STABILIZATION (Cont.#1)
1.3 Advantages
* Minimal use of chemical
* Efficient & rapid construction
* Reduced energy consumption
* Environmentally sound
* Existing materials can be used
* Reduces susceptibility to water
* Well proven process 2

4. 2 POLYMER 2.1 What is GeoStab Polymer ?
* A water soluble white milky viscous liquid which is neutral, non-toxic, and non-hazardous.
* Chemically, a proprietary polymer-based mixture dispersed in water
* An Australian developed technology
* A world-wide patent pending product
Other physical properties are :
Boiling Point
100 C
Specific
1.32 – 1.35
1,200 – 2,000 cps
Solubility in water
Miscible in water pH
11.0 – 12.5 3

5. 2 POLYMER (Cont.#1) 2.2 What polymer is used
* A proprietary polymer mixture for use in soil-stabilization
* An additive to improve the performance of cement soil-stabilization through modification of their
properties
* Enhance modulus of elasticity, flexibility, strength characteristics and durability
* Based upon more than 60years of proven soil-cement stabilization application technology
* Experience confirms it to be a superior modifier of soil-stabilization 4

6. 2 POLYMER (Cont.#2) 2.3 Modification of soil- stabilization by Polymer
* Cyclic load (repetitive & reversal) from traffic caused fatigue failures in pavement
* Above factors are rapidly rendering conventional soil-stabilization less suitable today
* Conventional soil-stabilization susceptible to sulphate attack and proven inappropriate for clayey soils
containing excessive fines(> 35% passing the No. 200 sieve) and of high plasticity (P.I. > 10)
* All these suggest modification to original soil-stabilization technology is necessary in order to meet
critical actual needs of pavements today
* Laboratory tests, full-scale pavement test and in-service pavements have confirmed the suitability of
GeoStab as a modifier of soil-cement stabilization technology to not only meet but actually greatly
exceed the requirements of pavement stabilization today and into the foreseeable future 5

7. 2
POLYMER (Cont.#3)
2.4 How Does the Polymer modify Soil-Stabilization?
* Increase modulus of elasticity through connecting cement-coated soil particles by what can by
described as numerous ‘micro rubber bands’
* The water-holding nature is useful during curing process
* Protect soil-stabilization against harmful effects of chemical compounds in soil, e.g. sulphate
* Prevent penetration and capillary rise of water within soil-stabilization
* Reduce the effects of moisture migration – a major cause of pavement deterioration
* Encapsulates items that would normally be considered harmful to concrete 6

8. Polymer “micro rubberbands”2
POLYMER (Cont.#4)
Soil particles
Soil particles
Cement
Harmful chemicals
Polymer “micro rubberbands”
Polymer Coating 7

9. PC-Soils overcome water shortage problem during curing2
POLYMER (Cont.#5)
Shortage of water in conventional soil stabilization during curing
Cracks !
Soil Cement
Base course
PC-Soils overcome water shortage problem during curing
Polymer water
storage No
Cracks ! 8

10. Polymer Concrete Soils2
POLYMER (Cont.#6)
Free capillary rise of water
Blocked capillary rise of water
PC-SoilsSurface
Soil-Cement Surface
Micro pores
Capillary action (bleed) in
Normal Soil-Cement
Reduced bleeding in
Polymer Concrete Soils 9

11. 2 POLYMER (Cont.#7) = 2.5 What is polymer modified soil-cement ?
Adding 5% GeoStab™ 101 Polymer (by weight of cement) will produce a mixture on site which upon compaction and curing will harden to give an impermeable durable structural concrete slab with high elastic modulus & flexibility and at the same time possesses improved compressive and tensile strength characteristics to resist today’s critical load conditions experience by pavements. Polymer Concrete Soils - Acronym “PC-SOILS”
In-situ Soil
Cement (3-7% by
wt. Of dry soil)
Polymer (5-10%
by wt. Of cement) =
PC-Soils
PC-Soils
Assume use
Calculate
Quantity
Dry Soil
1 cu.m.(dense)
= 1 x 2,000
= 2,000 kg
Cement required 5%
= 2,000 x 5/100
= 100 kg
Polymer
= 100 x 5/100
= 5 Litres 10

12. LABORATORY SOIL TESTING *3
STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
Polymer Concrete ROAD PAVEMENT
START
* Soil Test Required :
1.Natural Moisture Content
2.Grain Size Distribution
3.Atterberg Limits
4.Sulphate Content
5.Organic Content
6.Compaction Test
(Modified Proctor Method)
7.Durability Test
8.Compression Strength Test
SITE INVESTIGATION&
SOIL SAMPLINGS
LABORATORY SOIL TESTING *
RESULTS
PEAT
END
NO PEAT
DESIGN **
** Design Method Used :
Equivalent Thickness Method
(TA) - Pavement Design
CONSTRUCTION
FINISH
PEAT = Organic Matter 11

13. 4 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY SOIL STABILIZER
Step 1 : Spot marked for cement placement according to the designed ratio
Step 2 : Spreading the required amount of Portland cement
Step 3 : Roughly mixing cement and existing soil by graders
Step 4 : Homogenously mixing soil and cement by soil stabilizer 12

14. 4 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY SOIL STABILIZER (Cont.#1)
Step 5 : Spraying the mixture of GeoStab™ and water on the construction
Step 6 : Mixing soil-cement and the mixture of GeoStab™ and water by grader
Step 7 : Compaction each layer to the required density
Step 8 : Compaction with Pneumatic tyre rollers and smoothing with Tandem rollers 13

15. 5 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY RECYCLING MACHINE
Step 2 : Load GeoStab™ mixture and Portland cement
as designed ratio into the soil stabilizer machine
Step 1 : Mark the stabilized area
Step 3 : Run the soil stabilizer machine over the existing base material
Step 4 : Mix the existing material with cement and GeoStab™ mixture to the designed thickness 14

16. 5 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY RECYCLING MACHINE (Cont.#1)
Step 5 : Compact the stabilized area by the roller compactors to the required CBR
Step 6 : Cure the GeoStab™ base with water if required
Step 7 : The GeoStab™ surface after completed
Step 8 : Density test by sand replacement 15

17. 6 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY GRADER MACHINE
Step 1 : Grading the constructing area
Step 2 : Putting the suitable volume of cement
Step 3 : Spread the Portland cement all over the surface
Step 4 : Mixing soil and cement properly 16

18. 6 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY GRADER MACHINE (Cont.#1)
Step 5 : Spray the mixture of GeoStab™ and water.
Step 6 : Mix GeoStab™and Water to Soil-Cement Properly.
Step 7 : Smoothing the surface by grader and compacting the road.
Step 8 : The GeoStab™ road surface 1 day
after construction. 17

19. 7 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY MIXING PLANT
Step 1 : Sub-grade appearance after completely leveling and compacting.
Step 2 : Mixing GeoStab™ with water at mixing plant.
Step 3 : Dumpers are waiting for Ready-mixed GeoStab™ from the continuous mixing plant.
Step 4 : Ready-mixed GeoStab™ flow onto Dumper. 18

20. 7 ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE BY MIXING PLANT (Cont.#1)
Step 5 : Pour the blend from Dumper to Paver.
Step 6 : Paving the GeoStab™-soil-cement by Paver.
Step 8 : Surface appearance of second layer after curing.
Step 7 : Compacted by vibrating roller compactor. 19

21. CONCLUSIONS 7
Polymer modified soil-cement (or Polymer Concrete Soils “PC-Soils”) build upon a well proven soil stabilization process. In essence, it is a mixture of pulverized soil, GeoStab™ admixture, cement and water which when compact, cure and harden will turn into a durable structural material as a Polymer Concrete.
A change in today’s traffic loading conditions as compared to previous; notably high traffic volume and heavy axle load have rendered modification of the conventional soil-cement most necessary, if not a must.
The technique is appropriate for new pavement construction, pavement rehabilitation and recycling works for maintenance. 20

22. 7
CONCLUSIONS (Cont.#1)
By optimizing and improving the engineering properties and performance (e.g. Load carrying capacity, elastic modulus and thus fatigue resistance and permeability and thus dimensional stability) of;
local materials available on site (e.g. Soil, crushed rocks and gravel) so that they can be efficient, economical and durable this method lessen and/or totally removes the dependence and reliance on outside imported quarry products and/or borrowed soil materials during pavement construction. Consequently, it represents not only a time saving solution but also an environmental sustainable & friendly construction and maintenance approach. 21

23. CONCLUSIONS (Cont.#2) 7
Although partial mechanization, a more affordable method, is suitable for less trafficked rural roads or construction in remote areas, full mechanization is preferred in the construction of major highways and runways or the like structures where better homogeneity is achieved through more efficient mixing process and also higher and more predictable output capacity are realizable.
In brief, effective PC-Soils stabilization treatment can be achieved without the requirement of specialized stabilization or recycling equipment, high level of engineering know-how, or an understanding of materials and quality systems. However for more critical applications such as motorways, highways and runways, all these are necessary to ensure that desired design outcomes are achieved. 22

24. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Acapulco Highway, Mexico Project
Pavement Recycle on Acapulco Highway
Location
Acapulco Highway, Mexico
Project Description
Damaged road demolition and renovation by
GeoStab Type Base Course with Asphalt Concrete pavement.
Total Area
8,000 m2
Type of Existing Soil
Crushed rock
Type of Soil to Fill
No Fill
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Existing Soil
Typical Section
GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 15 cm
Asphalt Concrete Thickness 7 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
Portland Cement 6 % by Weight of Dry Soil
GeoStab™ Type 10 % by Weight of Cement
Water 6 % by Weight of Dry Soil
Equipment
RS500B Reclaimer / Stabiliser
10 Ton Roller / Water Truck ( 2 )
Motor Grader
Construction Period
1 month 24

25. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Bicycle Track ,Thailand Project Location
Bicycle Track Bangkok
Location
Ekamai – Ramintra Toll way Road
Project Description
Bicycle Track along the footpath, 2.5 meter width and 24 kilometers length
Total Area
60,000 m2
Type of Existing Soil
Sandy Silt
Type of Soil to Fill
No Fill
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Existing Soil
Typical Section
- GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 7 cm.Asphalt
- Concrete Thickness 3 cm.
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement 5 % by Weight of Dry Soil
- GeoStab™ Type 5 % by Weight of Cement
- Water 10 % by Weight of Dry Soil
Equipment
Grader / Roller Compactor
Construction Period
1 Month 25

26. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Car Parking, Thailand Project Location
Auto City Entertainment Center
Location
Rachadaphisek Road, Huay Kwuang, Bangkok
Project Description
Road and Car Parking
Total Area
27,000 m2
Type of Existing Soil
Very Soft Clay
Type of Soil to Fill
Imported Laterite for Sub-grade Course
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Imported Laterite for GeoStab Type Course
Typical Section
- Sub-grade Course Thickness 10 cm
- GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 10 cm
- Concrete Pavement Thickness 7 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement 7 % by Weight of Dry Soil
- GeoStab™ Type 5 % by Weight of Cement
- Water 10 % by Weight of Dry Soil
Equipment
Back-Hoe / Grader / Roller Compactor
Construction Period
30 Days 25

27. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Highway No.1003, Thailand Project
Polymer Soil-Cement Road at Phetchaburi
Managed by Public Works Department
Location
Highway No Puploo-Thasalao–Huaykasem
Amphur Nongyaplong, Phetchaburi Province
Project Description
Road Construction Project Comparing Between GeoStab Type Road and Conventional Road
Total Area
(W) 8 m. x (L) 18 Km.
Type of Existing Soil
Laterite
Type of Soil to Fill
No Fill
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Typical Section
GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 20 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement 5 % by Weight of Dry Soil
- GeoStab™ Type 5 % by Weight of Cement
- Water 10% by Weight of Dry Soil
Equipment
Grader / Roller Compactor
Construction Period
55 Days 26

28. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Rehabilitation Road ,Bangkok Project
Road Rachadamnoenklang
Managed by Bangkok Metropolitan Authority
Location
Rachadamnoenklang Road, Bangkok
Project Description
Settlement Course Demolition and renovation by GeoStab Type Course with Overlaying Asphalt Concrete
Total Area
8,000 m2
Type of Existing Soil
Very Soft clay
Type of Soil to Fill
Recycling Asphalt Concrete from Demolition for Sub-grade Course
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Crushed Rock
Typical Section
- Sub-grade Thickness 15 cm
- GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 30 cm
- Asphalt Concrete Thickness 5 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement 5 % by Weight of Crushed Rock
- GeoStab™ Type 10 % by Weight of Cement
- Water 5 % by Weight of Crushed Rock
Equipment
Back-Hoe, Grader, Roller Compactor and Ready-Mixed Concrete Truck
Construction Period
30 Days
Project Cost
3,200,000 Baht ~ USD100,000 27

29. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Farm Entrance Road, Malaysia Project Location
Koda state, MALAYSIA
Project Description
Farm entrance road
Total Area
L 3,240 m x W 4.30m. x D 150 mm.
Type of Existing Soil
Laterite
Type of Soil to Fill
Laterite ( A-7-5, AASHO Classification)
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Typical Section
GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 15 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement™ % by Weight of Dry Soil
GeoStab Type 5% by Weight of Cement
Water 8% by Weight Laterite (O.M.C.)
Equipment
Grader ,Rotary tiller ,8 tons rubber roller compactor, 12 tons vibratory roller ,Water truck
Construction Period
17 Days 28

30. 8 PROJECT REFERENCE Road Construction ,GHANA Project Location
ROAD Construction BY GeoStab
Location
GHANA
Project Description
Road Construction by GeoStab Type Polymer Concrete
Total Area
L 300 m x W 6.00 m x D 120 mm
Type of Existing Soil
Laterite
Type of Soil to Fill -
Type of Soil for Polymer Course
Typical Section
GeoStab™ Type Course Thickness 12 cm
Mix Design of Polymer Course
- Cement 5% by Weight of Dry Soil
GeoStab™ Type 5% by Weight of Cement
Water 6.48% by Weight Laterite
Equipment
Grader ,Steel Compaction ,Water truck
Construction Period 29