1. Emission measurements mopeds Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment TNO

2. Table of contents Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds Measurement programme Results Conclusions 2

3. Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds In use compliance of mopeds Lack of information on emission factors More understanding of the effects of speed limiters on fuel consumption Effects of tuning on emissions Research question: Perform the mopeds conform to the Euro 2 limits? What is the influence of speed limiters with regard to fuel consumption and emissions What is the influence of tuning with regard to fuel consumption and emissions 3

4. Measurement programme: used testcycles 4 1. ECE-R47 = official test cycle2. At maximum speed with hot start Measured components: CO*, HC*, NO x *, PM and CO 2 *Relevant components for the Euro 2 limit

5. Measurement programme Test mopeds: 4-stroke 25 and 45 km/h version 2-stroke 45 km/h version (different brand than the 4-stroke) Mopeds were purchased at a local dealer (new, original) Driven 250 km The purchased mopeds were amongst the best sold makes of 2011 Tests: R47 tests (official test cycle) Constant speed tests at maximum speed Constant speed tests at different speeds with different moped configurations 5

6. 6 Results: first measurements Moped versionCycleCO [g/km] limit is 1,0 g/km HC+NO x [g/km] limit is 1,2 g/km 25 km/h 4-strokeR47 Euro 20.6410.175 45 km/h 4-strokeR47 Euro 20.5890.081 45 km/h 2-strokeR47 Euro 20.2810.222 Type approval results:

7. 7 Results: first measurements and follow up Both the 4-stroke moped as well as the 2-stroke mopeds did not comply with the limits. The exhaust of the 2-stroke moped needed to be replaced to comply with the Euro 2 limit. The 4-stroke mopeds had very high CO emissions, therefore the following remedies were performed: Smaller main jet and a different fuel pump were installed at the TNO moped (recommended and conducted by the Dutch importer) Tests with a 25 and 45km/h model of an identical moped type, directly delivered by the importer/OEM. Additionally another type was tested in both 25 as 45 km/h version.

8. Results follow-up 4-stroke mopeds 8

9. Results: second measurements 9 Importer/OEM mopeds: Three of the mopeds delivered by OEM comply with both the Euro 2 and the proposed Euro 3 limit The type A 45 km/h version reached only 33 km/h (instead of 45 km/h), the CO emissions are slightly too high The mopeds don’t reach there maximum speed during the first 4 minutes TNO moped: The moped still exceeds the limit for CO emissions, this is measured twice Compared to the previous measurements the CO emissions dropped from 26 g/km to 12 g/km HC+NOx emissions are not an issue for the four stroke mopeds

10. Follow-up programme Despite the smaller jets and different fuel pump the TNO moped did not comply with the Euro 2 CO limit To find out the cause of the high CO emissions of the TNO moped, the following programme was performed: R47 test with the TNO moped with the exhaust (including catalyst) of the 25 km/h version delivered by the OEM (same type of scooter (type A)) R47 test with the TNO moped with the carburettor of the 25 km/h version delivered by the OEM R47 test with the TNO moped with the exhaust and carburettor of the 25 km/h version delivered by the OEM 10

11. Results follow-up programme 11 After exchanging the exhaust CO emissions decreased from 12 g/km to 6,4 g/km After exchanging the carburettor CO emissions decreased from 12 g/km to 2,5 g/km After exchanging both the carburettor and the exhaust CO emissions decreased from 12 g/km to 0,2 g/km, this is conform to the CO emission limit

12. Development of the 4-stroke moped results (25km/h) 12

13. 4-stroke: effects of speed limiters removal and tuning 13

14. 2-stroke: effects of speed limiters removal and tuning 14

15. Effect of speed limiters on fuel consumption 15

16. Effect of speed limiters on fuel consumption 16

17. Conclusions The tested mopeds did not comply with current EU emission limits. The 4- stroke mopeds delivered by the importer met the limits. The earlier tested 4- stroke moped only met the limits after the fuel pump, the carburettor and the exhaust (with catalyst) were replaced. At the 2-stroke moped the exhaust needed to be replaced to comply with the Euro 2 limit. Tampering has effects on emissions and fuel consumption of mopeds, but not necessarily adverse effects. Removal of the speed limiters lowered the fuel consumption of the mopeds, but with more rigorous tuning it increased. PM emissions of 2-stroke mopeds are substantially higher than PM emissions of 4-stroke mopeds. 17