1. REVOLUTION STAGE 4: NAPOLEONIC ERA 1799-1815 Dictatorship

2. BIOGRAPHY OF NAPOLEON Born on island of Corsica Under Louis XVI, foreigners could enlist, but could only rise to a certain rank During the first stage of the Revolution, the National Assembly made a policy to promote the best man for the job During the second & third stages, he was promoted up through the ranks

3. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE On the battlefield, he was famous for… Speed Surprise Decisive action Energy Initiative Intelligence Self-confidence

4. TIMELINE OF NAPOLEON 1799 – helped overthrow the Directory & establish the Consulate –Technically, the Consulate was a Republic –Realistically, Napoleon held absolute power, under the title of “First Consul” 1802 – made “Consul for Life” 1804 – crowned “Emperor Napoleon I”

5. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Made peace with French Catholics –Napoleon wasn’t personally religious –He wanted French Catholics to be on his side Made Catholicism France’s official religion –Got the Pope on his side –Pope didn’t demand return of confiscated land –Those had bought this land loved Napoleon

6. RIGHTS OF MEN Created the Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) –Replaced 300 separate pre-Revolution codes Legal equality of all citizens Right to choose one’s profession Religious toleration Abolition of serfdom & feudal obligations

7. RIGHTS OF WOMEN Women’s rights actually went backwards! Made it harder to get a divorce Disallowed inheritance by daughters Lost all personally property upon marriage Could not testify in court

8. RIGHTS DENIED No freedom of the press Government censoring of mail Censors read all books before publication

9. GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Created a strong, centralized bureaucracy Promoted leaders based only on ability (bourgeoisie’s pre-Revolutionary demands)

10. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Created thousands of new nobles 60% military officers 40% government officials 22% pre-Revolution nobility (2 nd Estate) 60% pre-Revolution bourgeoisie 18% pre-Revolution peasantry Made people of all classes love him

11. NAPOLEON’S GRAND ARMY 1802-1803 – Napoleon builds Grand Army 1805-1807 – Grand Army defeats Austria, Prussia Russian forces 1807-1812 – Napoleon is Master of Europe

12. NAPOLEON’S GRAND EMPIRE Core: the French Empire Dependant states: –Defeated & ruled by Napoleon’s relatives –Spain, Holland, Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine Allied States: –Forced to be friends, rather than risk war –Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden

13. NAPOLEON’S GRAND EMPIRE

14. THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Napoleon’s unconquered enemy: Britain Forces all of France’s dependant state & allies to stop trading with Britain Hopes to destroy Britain’s economy and ability to defend against French invasion Prices for goods are so high that some allies defy Napoleon & trade with Britain

15. GRAND EMPIRE BACKFIRES Napoleonic Code and Enlightenment principles spread to all conquered areas People begin to want freedom from France Conquered countries witness pride & patriotism of French army People’s nationalism grows as they dream of patriotic armies for their own countries

16. GRAND EMPIRE COLLAPSES 1812 – Russia openly refused to remain in Grand Empire or Continental System Napoleon must stand up to them, or other dependent states & allies will quit, too

17. GRAND ARMY IN RUSSIA Grand Army of 600,000 invades Russia Russians refuse to do battle – they retreat, burning everything of use to the French French will freeze if they can’t reach a city before winter hits – they head for Moscow Grand Army finds Moscow on fire – Russians had burned it to kill the French Only 40,000 French troops return alive

18. BURNING OF MOSCOW, 1812

19. NAPOLEON’S FIRST EXILE Allied army chases Grand Army remnants Allies capture Paris in 1814 Allies exile Napoleon on island of Elba Louis XVI’s brother takes throne of France –Called Louis XVIII –Louis XVII is skipped, in honor of dead prince

20. LOUIS XVIII Ruled 1814-1824 Exiled from France during Revolution & when Napoleon escaped from Elba

21. NAPOLEON’S RETURN People loved glory Napoleon brought them King Louis XVIII got no support from them Napoleon escaped from Elba to France King Louis XVIII sent troops to arrest him Napoleon: “If there is a man among you [who] would kill his Emperor, here I am!” Troops kneeled before him and shouted “Vive l’Empereur! Vive l’Empereur!”

22. THE 100 DAYS King Louis XVIII went into exile again For 100 days Napoleon ruled France again Napoleon raised an Grand Army again The Allies got ready for war again They met at Waterloo (in Belgium) in 1815 Napoleon was defeated by the British & Prussians, under the Duke of Wellington Napoleon exiled to island of St. Helena

23. NAPOLOEN’S SECOND EXILE First exile: Elba island 12 miles from Italy Next time take no chances! Second exile: St. Helena island 1200 mi from Africa

24. QUESTIONS? ~ The End ~