1. Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Eric Lee, John Harrison, Albert Kwansa, Jacqueline Wong, Miguel Benson

2. Definition of BME Development and manufacture of prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices, drugs and other therapies Combines expertise of engineering with medical needs for the progress of health care

3. BME Overview

4. Biomechanics Application of mechanical principles to the study of human body movements Muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments o Anatomy, microstructure Static and dynamic analyses of force profile o Stress, strain, coordination, power output

5. Biomechanics Example: broken leg AnatomyMicrostructure http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/jatodd1 /351/tibia_fibula.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg

6. Biomechanics Fracture Schematics Behave like cement Good in compression Poor in tension Low tolerance for torsion Fragment Butterfly Cut

7. X-ray Electromagnetic wave and perform radiation Radiation pass through patient and some are being absorbed Image are created on detector by radiation that pass through the subject

8. X-ray Applications Cardiovascular system Skeletal system Soft tissue (e.g. lung)

9. Ultrasonography A sound wave is produced. Sound wave is reflected and forming echo from layers between different tissues. Sound wave is changed to electrical pulses for image production.

10. Ultrasonography Applications Muscle and soft tissue Obstetric sonography http://zoot.radiology.wisc.edu/www.medical.philips.com

11. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Polarize (align spin) of H 2 atoms in body Disrupt spins at one “slice” of body Measure energy given off as atoms realign Detects concentration of H 2 atoms

12. MRI Application Soft tissue imaging Use of contrast Combined with CT info

13. CT (Computed Tomography) Scanner looks much like MRI scanner Takes many X-rays around body Properties much like X-ray Image from density of material Typically used for skeletal imaging

14. CT Application Form 2-D and 3-D images from X-rays Can use contrasts as well to enhance image of soft tissue

15. Biomaterials Any foreign material that comes into contact with a biological system Diverse area of Biomedical Engineering Cancer drug delivery Tissue engineering Cell implantation

16. Micro-encapsulation Challenge: Re-establish testosterone level Solution: Insert testosterone producing cells

17. Cell Viability Cell viability and function must be preserved long term. Micro-encapsulation provides a defense and preserves cell function.

18. Hydrogel Capsule material: Chemical composition: Physical characteristics: Hydrogel Polyethylene Glycol HO-(CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n -H Cell

19. Microcapsule Parameters Size exclusion via mesh size Testosterone, Wastes LH, FSH, O 2, Nutrients Antibodies Microcapsule Size Biocompatibility Degradation

20. Tissue Engineering (TE) TE involves the development of biological substitutes to restore or replace lost tissue function (Langer and Vacanti, 1993).

21. TE Motivation Divergence between the supply and demand of organ & tissue replacements. Current methods  low supply, immune rejection, and inability to repair and develop. Major goals of TE: Provide living biological replacements Tissue physiology & pathology Pharmaceutical testing

22. TE Approach: Cell Source

23. Cells + Scaffold

24. Cells + Scaffold + Bioreactor

25. Growth Factors + Scaffold

26. TE Range Bone, Cartilage, Tendon Liver, Pancreas, Kidney Muscle Skin Nerve

27. Cardiac TE – heart valve, myocardiumMetabolic TE – liver, bladder, pancreas Musculoskeletal TE – bone, cartilageNeural TE – nerve guidance channel for PNS TE Examples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Woven_bone_matrix.jpg ProximalDistal http://www.chir.unizh.ch/cardio/cardiotext/tissueengineering.html (Hoerstrup et al. Circulation 2002)

28. Graduate School Common Post-graduate Paths Bachelor’s Degree IndustryAcademia Master’s Degree Doctorate Professional Schools Medical School Dental School Law School Business School Combined Programs Medical & Graduate School (M.D./Ph.D.)

29. Questions