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Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Eric Lee, John Harrison, Albert Kwansa, Jacqueline Wong, Miguel Benson
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Definition of BME Development and manufacture of prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices, drugs and other therapies Combines expertise of engineering with medical needs for the progress of health care
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BME Overview
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Biomechanics Application of mechanical principles to the study of human body movements Muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments o Anatomy, microstructure Static and dynamic analyses of force profile o Stress, strain, coordination, power output
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Biomechanics Example: broken leg AnatomyMicrostructure http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/jatodd1 /351/tibia_fibula.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg
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Biomechanics Fracture Schematics Behave like cement Good in compression Poor in tension Low tolerance for torsion Fragment Butterfly Cut
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X-ray Electromagnetic wave and perform radiation Radiation pass through patient and some are being absorbed Image are created on detector by radiation that pass through the subject
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X-ray Applications Cardiovascular system Skeletal system Soft tissue (e.g. lung)
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Ultrasonography A sound wave is produced. Sound wave is reflected and forming echo from layers between different tissues. Sound wave is changed to electrical pulses for image production.
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Ultrasonography Applications Muscle and soft tissue Obstetric sonography http://zoot.radiology.wisc.edu/www.medical.philips.com
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Polarize (align spin) of H 2 atoms in body Disrupt spins at one “slice” of body Measure energy given off as atoms realign Detects concentration of H 2 atoms
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MRI Application Soft tissue imaging Use of contrast Combined with CT info
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CT (Computed Tomography) Scanner looks much like MRI scanner Takes many X-rays around body Properties much like X-ray Image from density of material Typically used for skeletal imaging
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CT Application Form 2-D and 3-D images from X-rays Can use contrasts as well to enhance image of soft tissue
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Biomaterials Any foreign material that comes into contact with a biological system Diverse area of Biomedical Engineering Cancer drug delivery Tissue engineering Cell implantation
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Micro-encapsulation Challenge: Re-establish testosterone level Solution: Insert testosterone producing cells
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Cell Viability Cell viability and function must be preserved long term. Micro-encapsulation provides a defense and preserves cell function.
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Hydrogel Capsule material: Chemical composition: Physical characteristics: Hydrogel Polyethylene Glycol HO-(CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n -H Cell
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Microcapsule Parameters Size exclusion via mesh size Testosterone, Wastes LH, FSH, O 2, Nutrients Antibodies Microcapsule Size Biocompatibility Degradation
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Tissue Engineering (TE) TE involves the development of biological substitutes to restore or replace lost tissue function (Langer and Vacanti, 1993).
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TE Motivation Divergence between the supply and demand of organ & tissue replacements. Current methods low supply, immune rejection, and inability to repair and develop. Major goals of TE: Provide living biological replacements Tissue physiology & pathology Pharmaceutical testing
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TE Approach: Cell Source
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Cells + Scaffold
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Cells + Scaffold + Bioreactor
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Growth Factors + Scaffold
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TE Range Bone, Cartilage, Tendon Liver, Pancreas, Kidney Muscle Skin Nerve
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Cardiac TE – heart valve, myocardiumMetabolic TE – liver, bladder, pancreas Musculoskeletal TE – bone, cartilageNeural TE – nerve guidance channel for PNS TE Examples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Woven_bone_matrix.jpg ProximalDistal http://www.chir.unizh.ch/cardio/cardiotext/tissueengineering.html (Hoerstrup et al. Circulation 2002)
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Graduate School Common Post-graduate Paths Bachelor’s Degree IndustryAcademia Master’s Degree Doctorate Professional Schools Medical School Dental School Law School Business School Combined Programs Medical & Graduate School (M.D./Ph.D.)
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Questions
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