1. Milk & Meat...............It starts in the soil Ulster Grassland Society Conference Tue 26 Jan 2016 Dr. Stan Lalor Grassland AGRO

2. Outline....... Importance of Soil - Driver of productivity & profitability Soil Fertility Management Grass Nutrition from the soil - Harvesting soil nutrients Critical Role of Soil pH & lime Fertiliser & Slurry Programme options Take Home Messages

3. Home-Grown Feed  Farm Profitability 3 Bought in feed & forages MORE EXPENSIVE Homegrown grass & silage CHEAPEST FEED Proportion of Feed grown inside the Farm- Gate is a key indicator of Profitability

4. Importance of soil 4 Productive soils are the foundation of any successful farm system Therefore, the management of soil fertility levels should be a primary objective on any farm

5. Value of land / Value of soil Soil has the value, not the land ! Land area is fixed – Soil can be managed Land = Access to soil – Soil = Production potential = Real value – Managed & improved to be more productive & more valuable 5

6. What are we asking the Soil to Do ? 6 Soils have to provide plants with: Strong healthy root development Root Support Oxygen to fuel growth Air Storage of water Avoidance of water-logging Water Warmer soils grow earlier for more yield Heat Correct pH and adequate major and trace nutrients Nutrients Soil Condition, Structure & Biology Nutrient availability Fertilisers

7. Optimum Soil Fertility - 2013 9 out of 10 fields are deficient in P and/or K and/or lime 7

8. Steps to Soil Fertility Management 1) Soil Test 3) Target Index 5) Nutrient Balance 2) Soil pH 4) Slurry InformationInterpretation Action Offtake Rates ? Index adjustments ?

9. Soil Nutrient Pools Soluble (<< 1% of total) Readily available Less readily available Very slowly available Estimated by soil test (P, K, Mg) - Soil pH - Biological Activity

10. Lime – Why? Soils in Ireland are naturally acidic – High rainfall washes out alkali/basic elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na) – Fertiliser uptake and soil organic matter breakdown also produces acidity Lime neutralises this acidity and improves the soil pH 10 Optimum 6.3-6.5 Soil pH 45678 Acidic soils (<6.2)  Reducing soil biological activity  Decreasing organic matter turnover and release of nutrients (N, P, S) within the soil  Reduced P availability from soil and fertiliser

11. Soil pH and nutrient availability 11 Target Over-liming can affect trace element balances Soil not Delivering potential

12. If soil pH is too low....... Lower release of natural soil fertility – Biology: release of nutrients from soil organic matter – Chemistry: Availability of nutrients (esp. P) Poorer response to NPKS applied – Grass less well geared for growth and uptake – Lock up by the soil (esp. P) Ryegrass persistence in the sward – Higher reseeding costs 12

13. P Fixation Fixation by Al & FeFixation by Ca & Mg Soil pH 4 5 6 7 8 P availability Soil pH also important for organic matter breakdown (P release) 13

14. Soil Incubation study – Lime and P availability Average change in soil test P (Morgan’s) across 16 soils treated with P (100 kg/ha of P), Lime (5 t/ha of lime), and P + Lime and incubated over 12 months in controlled conditions. 1.Lime increased the STP 2.Additive benefits of P and lime Sheil et al. 14

15. Lime, Slurry and Fertiliser interactions CAN / NPK okay Avoid Urea/slurry Slurry / Urea / CAN / NPK all okay Lime 3-6 months pH increase after lime can increase Ammonia-N loss to air

16. Grazing fertiliser programmes (P K S) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High P/K Compound (50-75% of P) High N - Low P/K Standard compounds for Index 3 situation P: 50-75% early 25-50% split in summer High K N-P-0 compound High P N-0-K compound / Straight K Low P and K higher rates / Slurry Extra P Extra K Product Choice: K 2 O:P 2 O 5 ratio of <1:1 ideal for grazing Slurry K 2 O:P 2 O 5 3:1 ideal for silage Adjust based on soil tests, crops, stocking rates Sulphur

17. Decisions with slurry 1.Where to spread P & K requirements Target fields with: – low soil P and K – High requirements (e.g. silage) 2.When to spread Maximise N availability Weather as important as season, but spring generally best Trailing shoe / bandspreader will also increase N value 

18. Slurry and Fertiliser interactions Urea / CAN / NPK all okay Urea / CAN / NPK all okay Slurry 1 Week Carbon in slurry can interact with N in fertiliser to increase N loss to air by denitrification Keeping 1 week apart allows slurry carbon to burn off and reduces this risk

19. Sulphur (SO 3 ) Related to N efficiency – Constituents of protein S deficiency – N poorly utilised – Looks like N deficiency Greater emphasis in earlier application – Previously a “mid-season” & “dry farm” problem – Spring application now recommended (35 units/acre in 1 st Cut) 19 No Soil Test Herbage Test: 0.2% S in DM N:S ratio < 14:1 No Soil Test Herbage Test: 0.2% S in DM N:S ratio < 14:1

20. Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium Magnesium (MgO) – Essential component of Chlorophyll – Animal health and grass health Grass tetany – Avoid Excess Potash in Spring – Magnesium Lime or Mg in fertilisers Calcium (CaO) – Essential nutrient for plants and animals – Soil structural benefits and linked to soil pH - Normally applied in lime – Can become problematic on soils naturally low in limestone parent material – Animal health as well as plant health Sodium (Na 2 O) – Animal health – Grass palatability 20 Removals can be high (especially in leaching) Removals can be high (especially in leaching)

21. What is your Weakest Link in your soil ??? 21 Limiting Factor

22. There is more to grass than DM/ha Mineral content Digestibility / Protein / ME 22 10 th 24.73.221.74.01.52.01.26.257.820.60.7 90 th 44.55.237.57.52.53.94.612.5257.737.17.5 Variation1.81.61.71.91.71.93.82.04.51.810.3 Source: Kavanagh et al., 2014

23. Fertiliser programme - Considerations Soil pH – lime required – Mg status  choice of lime Total N/P/K/S requirements – Stocking rate – Cross check for Nitrates, (incl. concentrate feed) How slurry can be best used – Low K (& P fields).... Usually silage Balance = chemical fertiliser 23

24. Fertiliser programme decisions Early P + summer drip feed Back load K if needed for build up (avoid > 70 units/acre in spring) Drip feed Sulphur Nitrogen out in front of grass demand Fertiliser product choice/cost (e.g. Maximise use of urea in the programme) “Unknown silage areas” – maintenance plan to replace P and K removals Keep it simple – 1 product per application timing on any field – As few products as possible on the shopping list 24

25. What should I do now ???? Soil Fertility trends on your farm? – Regular soil testing – Index movements over time – Is current programme working or not? Soil Fertility trends on your farm? – Regular soil testing – Index movements over time – Is current programme working or not? What are you buying and when are you applying it – Matching offtakes – Optimising timings – Maximising Grass per kilo of fertiliser Yield / Quality / Utilisation What are you buying and when are you applying it – Matching offtakes – Optimising timings – Maximising Grass per kilo of fertiliser Yield / Quality / Utilisation 25 Soil Fertility around the farm – What are you doing right in the best field? – What are you doing wrong in the worst field? Soil Fertility around the farm – What are you doing right in the best field? – What are you doing wrong in the worst field? Do a Plan – Where / When to use slurry – How much Lime / N / P / K / S / Ca / Mg / Na etc – What product at what time – Keep it simple !!!!! Do a Plan – Where / When to use slurry – How much Lime / N / P / K / S / Ca / Mg / Na etc – What product at what time – Keep it simple !!!!!

26. Soil Conditioners Root stimulation & nutrient uptake Calcium nutrition Soil biology and structure Soil surface pH maintenance Phased Released Nitrogen Lower N losses in poor weather More reliable grass growth response More palatable grass Higher quality silage Protected Phosphorus Less P lock-up by the soil Higher P availability for a longer time period Plant and soil biological stimulation Enhanced P efficiency on low pH soils ENHANCED FERTILISER TECHNOLOGIES Complete Range of N, P & K fertilisers with Calcium, Sulphur, Magnesium & Sodium to suit your specific requirements