1.  assembly line  mass production  proletariat  feminism  suffrage I Can… Explain how various reformers proposed to change society during the 2nd Industrial Revolution and what developments came about during this time.

2. Organizing the Working Classes * Although early attempts by workers to form workers associations & labor unions met with government opposition, by the mid-1800s industrial workers formed socialist political parties & unions to improve their working conditions. * 1848, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto which put forth Marxist ideology regarding both economic & social structure: 1) history advanced through conflict 2) social class that controlled production became the ruling class 3) class struggle pushed history forward 4) the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie & create a society without classes & class conflict * One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called Communism.

3. The Second Industrial Revolution * By the mid to late 1800s, manufacturers began applying scientific ideas to business in various areas: 1) Steel production – Bessemer process 2) Chemicals 3) Power a) electricity b) internal combustion engines 4) Communications a) telegraph - Morse b) telephone - Bell c) radio (wireless telegraph) - Marconi * Advances in industry, science, medicine, communications, & transportation led to a higher standard of living for countries leading the way in industrialization.

4.  What innovations fueled the 2nd Industrial Revolution and how did they improve mass production and living conditions during this time?

5.  Ch. 20 sec. 2 pgs. 220-222  10 minutes to complete

6. Social Structure of Mass Society * The new wealthy elite (aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants) were at the top of European society. * The middle classes in Europe consisted of a variety of groups who tended to believe in the ideals of hard work and moral conduct. * The European urban working class consisted of skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers,& unskilled laborers. By the early 1900s, 80% of Europe’s population belonged to the working class.

7. The Experiences of Women * During the 19th century, women struggled to change their status regarding economic & educational opportunities, social standing, occupational & property rights, and voting rights. * Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg, Germany. * Florence Nightingale founded a school of nursing in Britain. * Clara Barton helped transform nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class “women in white.” * Emmeline Pankhurst & her daughters founded the Women’s Social and Political Union to fight for women’s suffrage in Britain. Universal Education * Western nations began public education in the late 1800s because: 1) the Second Industrial Revolution created a need for trained, skilled labor, 2)primary schools helped instill patriotism.

8. Feminism

9. Many women demanded suffrage, the right to vote

10.  What effects did the 2nd Industrial Revolution have on society?

11.  How did various reformers propose to change society during the 2nd Industrial Revolution and what developments came about during this time?