1. INFINITIVES ESL 11B

2. INFINITIVES OVERVIEW Use “to” + the simple form of the verb An infinitive can be a single verb or a verb phrase I don’t want to move. I don’t want to move out of Santa Monica.

3. INFINITIVES OVERVIEW Affirmative Infinitive I expect to move soon. Negative Infinitive I expect not to move before fall.

4. GIVE IT A TRY! With your partner(s), do Exercise 1.

5. VERB + INFINITIVE Choice Questions with Infinitives Do you want to sweep or to vacuum? Do you want to sweep or vacuum? *”to” may be omitted in the second alternative. Yes/No Questions Will you be ready soon? Yes, I expect to be ready soon. Is Wesley coming with you? Yes, he hopes to come with me.

6. LET’S PRACTICE! With your partner(s), do Exercise 2 and try your best to fill in the chart.

7. ATTITUDES, OPINIONS, FEELINGS Often express attitudes, opinions, and feelings following verbs such as want, would like, hope, expect, and seem:  I would like to travel, but I don’t have enough money. Infinitives are not used with verbs and phrases that end with prepositions.  I look forward to swimming  I look forward to swim   I am not accustomed to staying up late  I am not accustomed to stay up late 

8. NOW YOU TRY! With your partner(s), do Exercise 3 of the handout.

9. SAME OR DIFFERENT? After begin, start, and continue, the infinitive and the gerund have the same meaning: Infinitive: It began to rain after dinner. Gerund: It began raining after dinner.

10. SAME OR DIFFERENT? LIKE, LOVE, HATE, PREFER Specific Occasion Do you prefer to play tennis or to swim in the afternoon? *one specific occasion, especially in the future In General Do you prefer playing tennis or swimming? *an activity in general, without referring to a specific time

11. SAME OR DIFFERENT? REMEMBER, FORGET, STOP, REGRET Infinitive: an action that happens later than the main verb Gerund: an action that happens earlier

12. SAME OR DIFFERENT? Infinitive I remembered to mail the letter. (First, I remembered. Then I mailed the letter.) I forgot to go there. (First, I forgot. So, I didn’t go.) Gerund I remembered mailing the letter. (First, I mailed the letter. Then I remembered it.) I will never forget going there. (First, I went there. Now I will never forget it.)

13. SAME OR DIFFERENT? Infinitive I stopped to smoke. (First, I stopped what I was doing. Then I smoked.) I regret to tell you that… (First, I regretted it. Then I told you that…) Gerund I stopped smoking. (First I was a smoker. Then I stopped.) I regret telling you that… (First, I told you something. Then I regretted it.)

14. SAME OR DIFFERENT? Unsuccessful Attempt I tried to take some aspirin for the pain, but I couldn’t open the bottle. Experiment I tried taking some aspirin for the pain, but it didn’t help.

15. NOW YOU TRY! With your partner(s), do Exercises 4 and 5.

16. IT… + INFINITIVE It Subject BE+Adjective Infinitive It is difficult to drive home in bad weather. It Subject Verb Infinitive It takes an hour to drive home in bad weather.

17. LET’S PRACTICE Do Exercise 6 with your partner(s)

18. MEANING & USE: REPLACING SUBJECTS WITH ‘IT’ IT has the same meaning as the infinitive it replaces:  IT is difficult to learn Chinese. (IT = to learn Chinese) IT…+ INFINITIVE have the same meaning as similar sentence with subject GERUNDS:  IT takes an hour TO DRIVE HOME.  DRIVING HOME takes an hour. Some groups of verbs and phrases can follow IT…+ INFINITIVE:  IT is too heavy to lift  IT looks too heavy to lift.  IT costs lot to fly to Asia.  IT takes twelve hours to get there.

19. MORE PRACTICE Do Exercises 7 & 8 with your partner(s)

20. IN ORDER TO + INFINITIVE Affirmative In order to open, twist gently. *Purpose infinitive Negative In order not to miss the bus, she left early. *In order + not + infinitive

21. PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Do Exercise 9 with your partner(s).

22. IN ORDER TO + INFINITIVE Express the reason/purpose for doing something I pressed the button (in order) to start the machine. I pressed the button to start the machine.

23. THE HOME STRETCH With your partner(s), do Exercises 10 and 11.