3. Count Claude Henri de Saint- Simon Robert OwenKarl Marx

4. o The earliest socialist, he was a French aristocrat. o He believed modern government required rational management. o Private wealth, property, and enterprise should be subject to an administration other than that of its owners. o His idea of an ideal government would consists a large board of directors organizing and coordinating the activity of individuals and groups o He was also known for advocating sexuality outside of marriage.

5.  Major British contributor to early socialism and created Owenism  He thought that if humans were to be placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could improve.  Owen believed that there was no compatibility between creating a humane industrial environment and making a good profit.  He wanted to create an industry with communities where factory and farm workers live together and produce goods in cooperation.

6.  Owen’s intellectual counterpart was Charles Fourier, from France.  Fourier believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature.  He thought that social discipline ignored all the pleasures that human beings naturally seek.  Fourier proposed the creation of communities, phalanxes, which would be based on agrarian production and have a variety of jobs for people so there would no longer be boredom.  He also believed in free sexual activity and marriage to be later on in life.

7.  Marxism caused the most influence in European socialist thought and produced the major socialist parties of the 19 th century, such as the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.  Marxist ideas criticized the emerging industrial capitalist society, claimed scientific accuracy, harshly criticized contemporary socialist platform, and called for revolution.  Marx believed that the conflict between dominant and subordinate social groups led to the emergence of a new dominant social group.  He also thought that society and economic conditions developed through historical stages.  His ideas came from German Hegelianism, French utopian socialism, and British classical economics.

9.  Communism arose in Germany with leadership of Karl Marx and Engels in the early to mid 1800s  It then was taken under and manipulated by Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Russia and after his death, Stalin became leader.

10. History= result of class conflict between the class that owns and controls the means of production vs. classes that work for them

11. COMMUNIST MANIFESTO (1848): class conflict capitalism (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat) Proletariat overthrow of bourgeoisie Proletariat dictatorship Property less and classless society

12.  Industrialism benefitted a majority of people  The middle class did not become proletarianized

14. Marx’s communist doctrine required revolution needed to occur in a highly industrialized country Lenin believed Russia needed to be the leader of communist revolution in Europe even though Russia was not industrialized. He believed Russia could skip industrialization.

15.  After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin became head of the USSR, defeating Trotsky.  Communism developed into totalitarianism- no limit to the authority of a single person or group under a state  Stalin’s power lay in his command of bureaucratic and administrative methods  Policies included: Five Year Plans for rapid industrialization- included collectivization Great Purges- imprisonment and execution of Soviets whom Lenin believed were plotting against him

18. FASCISM:  gave full interest in economic, social, and military power to a dominant race or state lead by a single dominant leader.  rejected the idea of Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy.  had the largest effect on Italy and Germany.

19.  first worked for the socialist party and then was expulsed from that party because of his Pro-WWI views.  He was appointed Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922. In 1925 the Fascist leader came to power under the duce, or Mussolini.  The Doctrine of Fascism- the official formulation of Italian Fascism, but was published under Benito Mussolini’s name in 1933: proposed an Italy of greater living standards under a single-party Fascist system, than under the multi-party liberal democratic government of 1920. Benito Mussolini

20.  The police soon came under control by the fascists and the fascists even started their own militia. The violence increased and freedom was lessened. Secret police and assignation teams (also known as black shirts) had control of the streets.  The Party believed in only one absolute ruler and the retraction of many freedoms. All other political parties were banned in Italy, so were labor unions.  Books and papers were censored, and education was reviewed so that it would favor the fascist government.  Mussolini helped the public by the use of public work camps, which gave jobs to the large number of unemployed people in Italy at the time.  It also provided Italy with new and improved roadways. Fascism brought a sound economy to Italy during the Depression, but at the cost of freedoms.

22. Radical political movement involving:  Biological racism- Aryan supremacy headed by Germans  Anti-Semitism- Jews posed the greatest threat to the Aryan race. They considered Jews a parasitic race that attached itself to these movements- the Enlightenment, liberalism, democracy, parliamentary politics, capitalism, industrialization, Marxism and trade unionism- in order for self preservation.

23.  To rescue Germany from the effects of the Great Depression, Nazism promoted an economic Third Position; a managed economy that was neither capitalist nor communist.  They declared support for a Nationalist form of socialism that was to provide for the Aryan race and the German nation economic security, social welfare programs for workers, a just wage, honor for workers, importance to the nation, and protection from capitalist exploitation. ECONOMIC POLICIES:

24. The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Adolf Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and his subsequent consolidation of offices and their consequent dictatorial powers established the Third Reich(Dritte Reich), RISE OF HITLER:

25. On 23 March, with an Enabling Act- the Reichstag conferred dictatorial powers to Chancellor Adolf Hitler who was able to manage the political emergencies of the German State, by decree. By gaining absolute power, the Nazis established totalitarian control: o they abolished- labour unions and political parties o imprisoned their political opponents, first at wilde Lager, improvised camps, then in concentration camps.

26. Policy of extermination of Jews, Gypsies, Czechs, Poles, the mentally retarded, the crippled, the handicapped, homosexuals and others deemed undesirable. SOCIAL POLICIES: During the Holocaust, around 11 million people in Nazi-occupied lands died in concentration camps, prisoner-of-war camps, labor camps, and death camps.

27. AUSCHWITZ