1. Linking risk perceptions of the risks of pesticides with exposures: Developing risk communication for operators, workers, residents and bystanders Professor Lynn J. Frewer Food and Society Group Newcastle University

2. Browse project EU FP7 Project Overall coordinator. Dr Andy Hart, FERA, UK Objectives –Improved exposure models for operators, workers and bystanders –New model for residents –Involve stakeholders –Take account of gender & regional factors 8 partner organisations Website: www.browseproject.euwww.browseproject.eu

3. Work Packages 1.Operator models 2.Worker models 3.Resident and bystander models 4.Stakeholders, surveys & gender issues 5.Tools for Authorisation (model software) 6.Tools for Sustainable Use (indicators & training) 7.Management, Advisory Panel, Dissemination www.browseproject.eu

4. Project outputs To support (European) Risk Assessment and Authorisation: Model software Guidance & training To support the European Sustainable Use Directive: Training materials Risk indicators www.browseproject.eu

5. The issue….. Most pesticides are toxic to non-target species especially if not used in accordance with safety advice Occupational exposure occurs either through acute intoxication due to accidents while mixing, loading or applying pesticides or through contact with treated crops Exposure risk increases when operators and workers ignore safety instructions on how to properly use pesticides Little is known about exposure risks to residents and bystanders

6. Stakeholders, surveys & gender issues The literature on the risk perceptions, knowledge levels, and attitudes of operators, workers, and residents in relation to non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides was reviewed. –No literature was identified in relation to bystander exposure –Research has primarily been conducted on participants in developing countries and migrant workers in the United States –For operators and workers, illiteracy, poverty, and a perception that exposure to pesticides is an inevitable part of their work results in limited adoption of safety precautions while using and storing pesticides. Remoundou, K., Brennan, M., Hart, A., & Frewer, L. J. (2014). Pesticide Risk Perceptions, Knowledge and Attitudes of Operators, Workers, and Residents: A Review of the Literature. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 20, 4, 1113-1138.

7. Exposure to pesticides above the safe levels represent a significant source of mortality and morbidity worldwide (WHO 2003)

8. Stakeholders, surveys & gender issues Risk communication activities aimed at operator and workers need to take account of the wider socioeconomic and cultural conditions in which workers and operators are working and living Women workers may be particularly disadvantaged –(lack of) education –Types of work –Genotoxic effects and pregnancy The lack of European data in general, and residents’ and bystanders’ data in particular, represents a knowledge gap that is pertinent to emerging EU legislation

9. Linking risk perceptions, attitudes and pesticide exposure behaviours

10. Sampling of operator, worker, resident and bystanders in three European countries Arable crops Greece UK

11. Survey items Risk perceptions associated with pesticides Associated attitudes. e.g. –Concern about own health status –Worry about the future Adoption of protective measures. e.g. Operators and workers –Wearing protective clothing –Timed re-entry into treated agricultural areas Residents and bystanders –Avoiding agricultural areas being treated with pesticides

12. How is exposure to pesticides measured? e.g. In the group of “Operator”, adoption has been measured through an “Exposure Reduction Index” (ERI) calculated as: ERI=100.(Potential Exposure-Actual Exposure) Potential exposure Regression Analysis Perceptions and attitudes as predictor of exposure behaviours

13. Results Low levels of adoption of protective measures by residents and bystanders –Male residents have lower risk perceptions than female residents –Male residents are less likely to reduce their exposure to pesticides through behavioural measures –Higher adoption of protective measures by Greek residents (relative to UK) and bystanders (relative to UK and Italy) –Research is needed into effective risk communication targeting residents and bystanders at risk from pesticide exposure The majority of operators and workers appear to engage in self-protective activities Differences within these groups Operators who perceived that their health was being negatively affected by the use of pesticides were found to be more likely to take protective measures

14. Results of survey research (1) The existence of differences in absolute levels of (for example) protective behaviours between countries suggests that cultural variation in perceptions, attitudes and behaviours exists even within Europe Further research be conducted for the different stakeholder groups at the national level Risk communication efforts need to be tailored to the needs of national communities

15. Results of survey research (2) The results are less helpful in addressing some of the other cultural and linguistic barriers to effective risks communication –Migrant and illegal workers excluded from survey –Tourists excluded from bystander group The problem of language remains –Many of those exposed to the risks associated with pesticides many not be able to understand the dominant language in a particular country Communicating these risks can be challenging –messages communicated using pictograms?

16. Risk communication through pictograms?

17. Some Pictograms are poorly understood… The storage pictogram, which the FAO recommends be included on all pesticide labels, was correctly understood by –21% of South African workers –15% of Ivorian farmers –0% of Brazilian farmers Emery, S. BG., Hart, A, Butler-Ellis, C., Gerritsen-Ebben, M.G., Machera, K.B., Spanoghe, P., and Frewer, L.J. (submitted). The Use of Pictograms for Communicating Pesticide Hazards and Safety Instructions. Implications for EU Policy.

18. Are pictograms the solution to risk communication? A review… The understanding of pictograms used on pesticide labels is generally low Standardised approaches utilised by the FAO and GHS systems fail to account for contextual and cultural differences, and are therefore not universally understood. Pictograms can be improved to –gain attention –elicit understanding –encourage compliance behaviour. There has been no analysis of the different types of pictograms that have been used in the European context, nor the different ways that they are employed –e.g. on labels, on signs, during training. The implications for risk with residents and bystanders are less clear than for workers and operators.

19. Conclusions Adoption of self-protective behaviours associated with pesticide use is influenced by… –Risk perceptions and attitudes –Local cultural factors –Some demographic factors (gender) –Migrant /illegal workers? Residents and bystanders potentially at high risk of exposure –Tourists as bystanders? Pictograms promising as communication tools, but further refinement is needed

20. Thank you! Questions or comments?