3. The Ottoman Empire Expands

5. Topkapi Palace Model

6. The Actual Topkapi Palace

7. Topkapi Harem

8. It’s Good to Be the Sultan!

9. Topkapi “Fruit Room”

10. Topkapi’s Great Craftsmenship

12. Ottoman Empire  1700s armies had fallen behind in technology and strength  Fought with Russians for Balkans and Black Sea  Central government was less effective  Provinces becoming independent relying on private armies

13. Ottoman Empire  Decrease trade and losing territory, because Europe could trade directly with China  Became reliant on foreign loans and gave European capitulations

14. Ottoman Empire  Muhammad Ali (1805-1848) of Egypt seized power after Napoleon  Built a powerful army & sponsored industrialization of cotton textiles and armaments  He transformed Egypt into a crucially strategic location and link, because of the Suez Canal

15. The Decline of the Empire: 18c

16. Greek War for Independence: 1821-1832

17. Ottoman Empire  Mahmud II tried to reform: (1808–1839)  Army  Secondary education  Roads, telegraph, and postal service  Tanzimat Era  French legal system as a guide for laws  Public trials and equality above sharia

18. Ottoman Empire  Attempted change, but remained weak and vulnerable  GB & France actually try to keep it a float worried that Russia would gobble it up  GB will gain control of Egypt in 1883

19. Crimean War: 1854-1856 The “Sick Man of Europe”!

20. The Ottoman Empire in 1914

21. Ottoman Empire  Opposition to Reforms  religious conservatives and the Ottoman bureaucracy  Young Turks—pushed for universal suffrage, equality before the law, and emancipation of women  1908—coup overthrew sultan and set up a “puppet” government

22. Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909 The Last Ottoman Emperor!

23. The Young Turks Revolt: 1908  The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).  Mehmet Talaat  Grand Vizier, 1917-1918  Enver Pasha  Minister of War  Ottoman Commander- in-Chief

24. The Young Turks Program  Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights:  freedom of speech.  freedom of assembly.  freedom of the press.  Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

25. Two Armed Camps Central Powers: Allied Powers:

26. World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

27. Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

28. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)  Republican People’s Party Goals:  republicanism (National Assembly).  nationalism (“Turkification”).  populism (for the benefit of the people).  statism (state-controlled economy).  secularism (free from religious control).  reformism.  1924  abolished the caliphate.

29. Atatürk’s Reforms 1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith  Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.  Secular education.  Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.  Sharia courts closed  new secular courts. 2. Western-style clothing  Forbid the wearing of the fez   Western-style men’s suits.  Attacked the veiling of women.

30. Atatürk’s Reforms 3. Language Reform:  Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script.  Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions. 4. State Socialism:  State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. 5. Adoption of a Surname.