3. › Lutheran and Catholic Princes try to gain followers › Both sides feel threatened by Calvinism that is spreading › Lutherans ban together to form the Protestant Union in 1608 › Catholics form the Catholic League

4.  1618  Ferdinand II › Head of the Hapsburg family › Catholic › future Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia closed some Protestant churches  Peasants revolted  Ferdinand sends in troops  Protestant German Princes see this as a chance to challenge the Catholic emperor

5.  Conflict over religion and territory among European ruling families  1618-1648  Two phases › Hapsburg triumphs › Hapsburg defeats

6.  First 12 years the Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain dominated  Successfully put down the Czech uprising  Defeated German Protestants who supported the Czechs

7.  1630 – Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000 began driving the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany  Gustavus died in 1632  Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin took over pushing out the Hapsburgs › Catholic France sends troops to help Protestants

9.  Population of Germany dropped from 20 to 16 million  Trade and agriculture were disrupted  German economy is ruined  Major reason as to why Germany doesn’t become a unified state until the 1800’s

10.  Ended the war (1648) › Weakened the Hapsburg states › Strengthened France by giving it German territory › Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor › Ended religious wars in Europe › New method of peace negotiation  Participants meet to settle the problems and decided peace terms

11.  The treaty abandoned the idea of a Catholic empire that would rule most of Europe  Europe is made up of equal, independent states  Beginning of the modern state system

12.  Central Europe had no strong power in the mid 1600’s › Poland  Limited king › Holy Roman Empire  Thirty Years’ War › Ottoman Empire  Conquered Hungary and threatened Vienna and then declined

14.  Austrian Hapsburgs move towards absolute monarchy  How? › Reclaimed Bohemia during the war  Wiped out Protestantism and made Czech nobles loyal to them › Centralized the government and created a standing army › Took Hungary back from the Ottomans in 1699.

15.  1711 Charles VI became ruler.  Charles persuaded the other leaders of Europe to recognize his oldest daughter as heir  Should have had a peaceful reign, but didn’t › Fought Prussia

16.  Hohenzollerns  Built up their state with smaller holdings starting with Brandenburg and Prussia  Fredrick William, elector of Brandenburg  Fredrick become Great Elector after the war  Creates a strong army  Best standing army in Europe

17.  Junkers resist › Landowning nobility  Fredrick William I bought their cooperation by making only them officers in the army  Highly militarized society

18.  Loved music, philosophy, and poetry  Followed his father’s military policies  Was religiously tolerant

20.  Maria Theresa and Fredrick the Great become rulers around the same time  Prussia wanted Silesia  Battle ensues  Maria Theresa stops Prussia’s aggression but loses Silesia

21.  Austria allies themselves with France  Prussia in response allies themselves with Britain (Austria’s former ally) › Austria, France, Russia and others vs. Prussia and Britain  1756 – Prussia attacks Saxony (Aus. ally) so everyone gets involved  Nothing changed in Europe  British won however by taking France’s colonies in N. Am. And gaining sole economic domination of India

23.  At the age of 3, Ivan IV’s father dies, making him Crown Prince; his mother serves as a regent, but is assassinated via poison when he is only 8  After this, boyars (nobles) rule until Ivan is old enough to take the throne, but the boyars still intimidate and offend him

24.  To make matters worse, Ivan’s beloved wife, Anastasia (not the one from the movie) dies, and he begins to go crazy  He tells the boyars to swear allegiance to his infant son; they refuse  So… he kills them

25.  Ivan, already completely mad, beats his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing… it causes a miscarriage  His son hears of this and confronts Ivan; a fight happens and Ivan kills his own son  As for Ivan? He dies playing chess… it’s a dangerous game

26.  Ivan the Terrible is the man who created Russian feudalism:  He passes a law that restricts peasant movement, essentially making them serfs  He introduced local self-management in rural Russia  The first Russian printing press was created during his reign  He wages the Livonian War (against Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden) which nearly breaks Russia  He expands Russia far larger than Ivan the Great’s territory  AND… He’s the FIRST to be called a TSAR

27.  The Livonian Wars truly breaks Russia  Having a crazy Tsar does not help  After a few dynasties that struggle in post-Ivan times, we find ourselves (if we were Russian) in the Times of Troubles  This includes continued fighting with the Poles as a disjointed nation led by boyars AND a huge famine that kills off TONS  Cossacks begin to get restless… not good for villages  A Cossack is a militaristic community (don’t mess with them)  The Troubles end with boyars fighting and Michael Romanov gaining control

28.  Michael is grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia  Romanov dynasty rules Russia for 300 years (1613-1917)

29.  1696 – Peter becomes sole ruler of Russia

30. Russia Western Europe  Labor – Russian landowners treat serfs like property. Serfdom lasts until the mid-1800s  Religion – Orthodox Christian  Geography – Geographically isolated and few seaports  Labor – many serfs have won their freedom and now live in the cities  Religion – Catholic and Protestant  Geography – Helped trade and made political connections possible

31.  Sweden controls the Baltic Sea, Ottomans control the Black Sea… Peter’s army is not big enough to take either on  (Yes Sweden was actually tough back in the day)  If he wants to take on the Ottomans (if waging war, go for the best rewards… aka: The Black Sea), he needs help…  Help is going to come from Western Europe  But he’s going to have to impress them…

32.  Peter went on the famous “European Tour”  He dressed as a regular guy and went around Europe, learning the tools of the trade  Blacksmiths, tradesmen, bankers, sailors, weavers, he saw and did it all  When he returned to Russia, his head was full of ideas of how Russia should run in order for it to be “European”  Russia gets a full dose of European culture… including a nice shave (and boyars loved their beards) I swear to God, Mikhail, he said shave the whole thing off!

33.  Russia is divided into provinces and run on ‘police-state’ mode  Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church  Created the “Table of Ranks”  Boyars no longer get their title by birth, but by merit and service to the emperor (first their beards and now their titles… not too happy)  All nobles and royalty must go to school and receive an education! (Love this guy)  Introduced new taxes  Capital moved to St. Petersburg and in Peterhof

34.  First, Peter liked his name  St. Petersburg is created in order to look like Paris, a prestigious European city  Peterhof is the royal palace (completed in 1725), and is called the “Russian Versailles”

35. VERS AILLES PETER HOF

36. VERS AILLES

37. PETER HOF VERS AILLES

38. ST PETER SBUR G PARIS

39.  An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western countries (esp. European or American)  Introduce potatoes  Started first Russian newspaper  Raised women’s status  Ordered nobles to wear Western fashions  Advanced education