1. World War I World History C. Simmons

2. Alliances and Internal Dissent Nationalism led to alliances and increased tension Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente (1907) – France, Great Britain, and Russia Liberal Socialist labor groups held labor strikes led to Conservatives fear of revolution

3. Militarism and Start of War Militarism – increase in military strength, b/t 1890 and 1914 European militaries doubled in size Conscription – forced service in military (draft) The Balkans were starting place of war – these states struggled for independence from Ottoman Empire (Serbia in 1914)

4. Outbreak of War June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria- Hungary) was assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo July 1914 Austria-Hungary with Germany’s aid declared war on Serbia with Russia's aid Czar Nicholas II mobilized Russian armies and on August 1, Germany declared war on Russia, on August 3, France Britain declared war on Germany August 4 and WWI had begun

5. Discussion What were the underlying causes of WWI? Why did the assassination of one man lead to war between most European nations?

6. Entry of U.S. into the War 1.How many men enlisted or were drafted into the Army? 2.What percentage of those men were in combat? 3.How long did it take some enlistees to become officers? 4.How did Hoover meet the need for food? 5.How did the nation conserve on fuel? 6.How many tire sizes were there at beginning of war? At the end? 7.How much total money was raised by bond drives and taxes? 8.What was the purpose of the Creel Committee?

7. Illusions and Stalemate The role of propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion Since 1815 most European wars had lasted only a few weeks Germany stopped outside Paris at Battle of the Marne – trench warfare Western front turned into stalemate, no change in positions for almost four years Eastern Front Germany defeated Russians in several battles 2.5 million Russians died, Italy broke Alliance and attacked Austria-Hungary

8. The Great Slaughter Use of new technologies – machine gun, poison gas, tanks, flame thrower, and some air warfare for the first time “no man’s land” – area b/t trenches, no knowledge of trench battles led to thousands getting killed War of Attrition – each side tried to wear the other down War spread beyond Europe: Balkans, Middle East, Pacific Islands

9. Entry of the U.S. U.S. had neutral policy in beginning German U-boats practiced unrestricted submarine warfare blockading Britain 1915 Germans sank the Lusitania, killing 1,100 civilians in process Zimmerman Telegram intercepted – sent to Mexico to try an gain Mexican support in war for Germany In April 1917 America declared war on Germany

10. The Home Front Total War – mobilization of industry, service sectors and draft into military, also led to food and material rationing, regulation on transportation and exports/imports Restriction of dissent for war Women took over several jobs that men held before the war, also gained the right to vote shortly after the war

11. Discussion What was the illusion in Europe at beginning of the war? How did new technologies affect war strategy? Why did U.S. enter the war?

12. Russian Revolutions Background Poor war planning and strategy by Czar Nicholas II, was helped by Rasputin Led to protest, many soldiers joined protestors March 1912, Duma met and set up provisional government Soviets challenged decision to keep fighting in war

13. Lenin and the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks – small faction of Marxist Party led by Vladimir Lenin Goal was to overthrew capitalist system violently if necessary Made promises to people to end war, worker control of industry, transfer land to peasants, and transfer government to soviets In 1917 Bolsheviks gain power and change name to the Communists, Lenin takes power

14. Civil War and the Communists Opposition to the Communist were aided by Allies during war, a Civil War broke out Red v. White armies Reds defeated most White forces, and captured royal family, later killed them Leon Trotsky – brilliant war planner for Reds Communist were organized and together unlike oppisition Cheka (secret police) created atmosphere of fear 1921 Communist had complete control of Russia, Communist mistrusted the Allied Powers

15. Discussion Why do communist mistrust allied nations? How did Bolsheviks gain control in 1917?

16. Last Year of the War 1917 the eastern front had ended as Russia had exited war, gave Germany advantage Germans launched massive campaign until stopped at Second Battle of the Marne 1918, 2 million American troops joined the war Revolutions in Germany brought end to fighting (German Social Democratic Party) Disintegration of Austria and Hungary

17. Peace Settlements President Wilson and the “14 points” – called for peace, military reductions, independence, open treaty negotiations, League of Nations – peace keeping organization of countries Treaty of Versailles - French demanded reparations from Germany, division of lands U.S., Britain, and France made decisions everyone else left out.

18. Peace Settlements (cont) Land was split up b/t different countries Germany had no choice but to except terms Formation of new Slavic countries All peace treaties based on principle of self-determination, caused problems b/c of diversity in each nation End of Ottoman Empire WWI undermined human progress and caused further revolution and instability

19. League of Nations Rejected 1.How many delegations went to Versailles? 2.What seemed more important to the others than the League? 3.What region did France want to take? 4.What city did Italians especially want? 5.Why were Germans unhappy with treaty provisions? 6.What Senate committee most liked treaty? Least liked the treaty? 7.What was Wilson’s reaction to compromise offers? 8.What indicated that Americans were no longer interested in the League?

20. Discussion Why did the League of nations not work in the end? What organization would the League lead to today? Why were most Germans upset at the peace settlements?