1. Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality Chapter 23 Section 1 Notes

2. Objectives Describe the growth and diversity of the Latino population in the United States during the 1960s. Summarize the efforts of Latinos to secure civil rights and respect for their cultural heritage. Explain the efforts of Native Americans to secure reforms in government policies.

3. Main Idea During the 1960’s Latinos campaigned for… 1.Improved working conditions/better treatment for farm workers; 2.Educational programs; 3.Political Power Terms and Names Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) La Raza Unida American Indian Movement (AIM)

4. Latinos fight for improved working conditions: HOW DID THEY GET WHAT THEY WANTED? Mexican American (largest Latino group in the US) farm workers protested & went on strike due to low wages & poor working conditions; Barrios (Spanish speaking communities) had higher jobless rates & poverty than whites & other minorities; Cesar Chavez organized Cal. Farm workers into the Nat’l Farm Workers Assoc. which later became the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee; they used boycotts, labor strikes & hunger strikes & sparked cultural pride inspiring “brown power” movements across the US. FEDERAL LAWS/PROGRAMS THAT ADDRESSED THEIR NEEDS… By 1970 Union workers were guaranteed higher wages and other benefits they had long been denied.

5. Cesar Chaves…. Chavez Bio How can César Chávez be compared to Martin Luther King? 10 Things you may not know...

6. Improvement in Education HOW DID THEY GET WHAT THEY WANTED? Latino politicians began to demand that schools offer Spanish speaking children to be taught using their own language; Brown Berets – organized by David Sanchez – organized walouts in LA high schools demanding smaller classes, more Latino (Chicano) teachers, Administrators & programs; Federal Laws/Programs that addressed these needs: Bilingual Education Act (1968) – provided funds for bilingual & cultural education programs for Spanish speaking children. High Schools, colleges/universities established Chicano studies programs across the US.

7. Latinos fight for more Political Power How did they get what they wanted? Federal laws/programs implemented to help? Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) Helped elect eight Hispanic Americans to the House of Representatives and one senator Established in 1970, La Raza Unida (Mexican- Americans United) Ran Latino candidates in five states Won races for mayor, school board, and city council. Some took a confrontational stance – trying to reclaim land the US had taken from Mexican landowners in the 19 th century; trying to force recognition of the plight of migrant farmers; most of these confrontations ended with arrests. What similarities can you ID between the Civil Rights movement & the efforts of Latinos in the 1960’s?

8. Native Americans Struggle for better living conditions, Equality and Greater Autonomy Native Americans are Culturally diverse; suffer highest rates of poverty, unemployment; disease and death. Issues: poverty, unemployment, illness (tuberculosis and alcoholism), and shorter life expectancy 1961 – Declaration of Indian Purpose Called for end to termination policy & established policies designed to create opportunity for Native Americans 1968 – LBJ announced the National Council on Indian Opportunity to ensure programs that reflected the needs of Native Americans.

9. Voices of Protest HOW HAVE THEY TRIED TO GET WHAT THEY WANT? They have organized; protested; confronted the government. American Indian Movement(AIM) Dissatisfied young Native Americans Militant Native American rights organization began in 1968 as a self-defense group against police brutality Actively confront the U.S. government to protect the rights of large Native American populations in northern and western states.

10. Confronting the Government “Trail of Broken Treaties” Washington DC March to protest US government’s treaty violations throughout history Push for end to the Bureau of Indian Affairs due to corruption Seized building and destroyed records causing $2 million in damage Wounded Knee, South Dakota AIM with 200 Sioux to protest tribal leadership and federal policies Seized town and took hostages Confrontation with FBI

11. Native American Victories Federal laws/programs to address their needs: 1972 - Indian Education Act 1975 – Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Gave tribes greater control over own affairs and children’s education Alaska Native Claim’s Settlement Act of 1971 40 million acres and $962 million to native peoples Trail of Broken Treaties Smithsonian "The Indian Problem"

12. 1960’s = ACTIVISM! Activism & social movements succeed through ORGANIZATION, RESOURCES & STRONG LEADERSHIP. *How well did the 2 groups we discussed today do with those 3 things?