1. Africa-Steps to Independence What happens when imperialism ends?

2. Imperialism by Regions North: population centers near Mediterranean Sea French rule for most of region Libya: Italian rule Sudan: Great Britain (after fighting w/ France Egypt: Great Britain helped w/ weak economy

3. South:Zulu empire: British took control, great discrimination against Africans Boer War: Gr. Br. against locals Dutch immigrants = Afrikaners East:Congo: King Leopold of Belgium Many European claims Conflict, deforestation

4. West:Liberia = independent trading posts established on coasts slavery abolished = competition for other resources

5. Similarities/Difference between four regions Similarities Africans = virtually no control Resources seized Long-term effects of imperialism Oppression & marginalization of locals Differences Extreme abuse in Congo Reasons for imperialism Independent Liberia & Ethiopia

6. After WWI and self- determination Egypt:limited independence 1922 Gr. Br. maintained Suez Canal full independence in 1936 in exchange for help in fighting Italy

7. Kenya Europeans hired out Kenyans for cheap labor Nationalism growing, led by Jomo Kenyatta Nigeria Gr. Br. = profits on rubber, oil, tin Nonviolent movements begin for independence

8. After World War II -Cost of maintaining colonies too expensive for European nations -African nationalism increased -Demand for resources = Africans want to control Independence achieved = various ways, setbacks, probs

9. Libya -ind. In 1951 from Italy -monarchy gov’t -oil discovered 1959 = $$$$$$ -Qaddafi = military takeover 1969 (dictatorial rule until his death by protestors in Oct. 2011)

10. Algeria -Guerilla warfare begins in 1954 -property destroyed -ppl gunned down, concentration camps -18 yr war, 1 mill deaths -independence in 1962

11. Ghana (Gold Coast) -general strike/protest by Kwame Nkrumah = ind. 1957 from Gr. Br. -mismanaged economy -frequent regime change

12. Guinea -backed by Soviet Union -France (to retaliate) offers aid and ind. To all other colonies

13. Nigeria -Indep in 1960 -250 ethnic groups -395 languages -3 religions -1960’s = fight for control of country, Ibo ppl declare indep.

14. Congo -Civil war -Mobutu= control in 1965 = dictator

15. Kenya -Mau Mau rebellion against Br. -1956 rebellion crushed -1963 indep. -Kenyatta = first president

16. Uganda -indep = 1962 -ethnic conflict -brutal military dictator as leader

17. Angola & Mozambique -rebel guerilla groups fought Portugal -Indep. in 1975

18. Malawi, Zambia, & Zimbabwe -Malawi & Zambia indep. 1964 -Zimbabwe indep. 1980 -white minorities maintained power in all three nations

19. Summary -civil war after indep. due to instability = power vacuum -some aided by former imperial nations -some denied aid -some refused aid

20. Three challenges remain National unity -violence from ethnic divisions, couldn’t by stopped by gov’ts -new & unfamiliar gov’t systems used -military/dictators often assumed power -Pan-Africanism…can Africa really be united?

21. 2 nd challenge Economic development -non-diversified economies (1 crop or product) -not enough resources in some countries (e.g. land-locked) -poverty, famine, drought -constant reliance on aid from foreign countries; corrupt gov’ts don’t use wisely

22. 3 rd challenge Identity -African/ethnic pride and nationalism -loss of language, culture from imperial control (Ibo ethnicity but only speak English) -movement of African artists, writers, poets

23. Angola & Mozambique -rebel guerilla groups against Portuguese control -indep. 1975

24. Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe -Malawi & Zambia indep in 1964 -Zimbabwe in 1980 -white minority maintained power

25. Summary -Civil war due to instability after independence (power vacuum) -some given aid by former imperial nations -some not given aid -some refused aid

26. Challenges in Africa National Unity -violence from ethnic divisions couldn’t be stopped by gov’ts -new & unfamiliar gov’t systems used -military/dictators = gov’ts -Pan-Africanism (can there really be a united African group?)