1. Middle powers in the International System

2. Middle powers: introduction Typology or concept; not a definition Different perspective of realists and liberals Realism  hard power Liberalism  soft power „Good international citizen“ Inspiration; covering specific issues and agenda Most popular liberal concept of middle powers by John Ravenhill

3. John Ravenhill‘s 6 Cs concept 6 C’s: Capacity Concentration Commitment Creativity Coalition-Building Credibility

4. Middle powers: agenda environmental agenda human rights disarmament peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction development aid child labor or child soldiers multilateralism

5. Middle powers: development&criticism post-war period connected with activities of Canada, Australia (+- New Zealand)  traditional middle powers  soft power „New middle powers“  economic strenght Criticism: Different name for fulfilling country‘s national interests Moral supremacy of western values Idealism

6. Canada Engagement in the WW2 and the creation of post-war order Actively involved in creating: Bretton-Woods system NATO the UN Innovative; actively participate in human rights campaigns Lester Pearson and Dag Hammarskjöld  establishment of UN peacekeeping Initiated Ottawa Treaty (Convention on the Prohibition of Anti- Personnel Mines) Member and proponent of International Criminal Court (ICC) Responsibility to Protect

7. Canada Environmental agenda: Initiated the Kyoto protocol × withdrawal in 2011 Criticism: decreasing engagement Reduction of UN PKO personnel Interconnection with US foreing policy

8. Australia Connected with PM Gareth Evans  creator of Australian concept of middle power – „good international citizen“ Mostly labor governments × Australia‘s support for multilateralism Cooperation with Canada disarmament of nuclear weapons Decolonization called for a special status for AUS and CAN in the UN „Member“ state Ottawa protocol Kyoto protocol International Criminal Court ANZUS

9. Australia Change during liberal governments  domestic policy; budget cuts on foreign policy; bilateralism Revival in 2007 with labor government  active role in anti-terrorism Still active in environmental agenda Criticism East Timor – Australian failure to prevent violence

10. Sources Middle Powers: CHAPNIC, A. The middle power. Canadian Foreign Policy. 1999, roč. 7, č. 2, s. 73-82. Ravenhill, J. Middle Powers: An Australian Perspective (2012) http://cid.kdi.re.kr/upload/20120508_1-5.pdf Canada : UNGERER, C. Influence without power: middle powers and arms control diplomacy during the cold war. Diplomacy and Statecraft, No. 18 / 2007, pp. 393–414.) Middle Powers Initiative (2012): http://www.middlepowers.org/http://www.middlepowers.org/ GS Institute (2012): http://www.gsinstitute.org/pnnd/docs/nukefree.htmlhttp://www.gsinstitute.org/pnnd/docs/nukefree.html Australia: UNGERER, C. The „Middle Power“ Concept in Australian Foreign Policy. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00473.x/pdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00473.x/pdf Gareth Evans and Bruce Grant, Australia's Foreign Relations in the World of the 1990s (Melbourne, 1995), pp. 344–348 UNGERER C. Influence without power: middle powers and arms controldiplomacy during the cold war. Diplomacy and Statecraft, No. 18 / 2007, pp. 393–414.)