1. Injections Introduction to Veterinary Science Miss Tonnessen

2. Supplies AntisepticAntiseptic SyringesSyringes NeedlesNeedles Drug or medicationDrug or medication

3. Always read the label Before using any product, always read the labelBefore using any product, always read the label Product nameProduct name Usage directionsUsage directions Instructions for preparationInstructions for preparation FormulationFormulation Warning statements (hazards to human health)Warning statements (hazards to human health) Withdrawal timeWithdrawal time Precautionary statements regarding storage and safe handlingPrecautionary statements regarding storage and safe handling Species, class of livestock, diseases to be used to treatSpecies, class of livestock, diseases to be used to treat Route of administrationRoute of administration

4. Always read the label Restricted uses (do not use in lactating cattle)Restricted uses (do not use in lactating cattle) Directions to read package insert for more detailed instructionsDirections to read package insert for more detailed instructions Ask your veterinarian for more complete instructionsAsk your veterinarian for more complete instructions Expiration dateExpiration date Lot number (manufacturer’s production batch)Lot number (manufacturer’s production batch)

6. Extra-label use of Drugs (ELUD) Products used in any manner other than that recommended on the labelProducts used in any manner other than that recommended on the label Can ONLY be done on the specific, written recommendation of your veterinarianCan ONLY be done on the specific, written recommendation of your veterinarian Provide additional information needed to use the productProvide additional information needed to use the product If those directions are not followedIf those directions are not followed Withdrawal times may not be accurateWithdrawal times may not be accurate Product may not work as expectedProduct may not work as expected

7. Preparing the product Clean the bottle tops with a small amount of rubbing alcoholClean the bottle tops with a small amount of rubbing alcohol Cotton swab or cotton ballCotton swab or cotton ball Only enter the bottle with a sterile needleOnly enter the bottle with a sterile needle Don’t leave a needle in the bottle during storageDon’t leave a needle in the bottle during storage Store all products according to label directionsStore all products according to label directions

8. preparation Wash your handsWash your hands Use disposable syringes and needles whenever possibleUse disposable syringes and needles whenever possible Can re-sterilize by autoclavingCan re-sterilize by autoclaving High temperature, pressurized steam cleaning techniqueHigh temperature, pressurized steam cleaning technique Use hot water and mild disinfectants to clean syringes and needlesUse hot water and mild disinfectants to clean syringes and needles

9. Needles Choose the smallest needle size (diameter) that is reasonable to use for the product type and volumeChoose the smallest needle size (diameter) that is reasonable to use for the product type and volume Minimizes tissue damage and reduce leakage of the product from the injection siteMinimizes tissue damage and reduce leakage of the product from the injection site Correct length for the type of injectionCorrect length for the type of injection Shorter needles (1.0 to 0.5 in)—subcutaneousShorter needles (1.0 to 0.5 in)—subcutaneous Longer needles (1.5 in)—intramuscularLonger needles (1.5 in)—intramuscular

10. Animal Restraint PreventsPrevents Injury to you and the animalInjury to you and the animal Needles breaking offNeedles breaking off Accidental self-injectionAccidental self-injection Allows for good visualization of injection siteAllows for good visualization of injection site

11. Volume No greater than the recommendedNo greater than the recommended LabelLabel Split large volumes into smaller amounts and inject at different locationsSplit large volumes into smaller amounts and inject at different locations Intramuscular—no more than 10 mL per siteIntramuscular—no more than 10 mL per site Subcutaneous—no more than 20 mL per siteSubcutaneous—no more than 20 mL per site

12. Mixing Do NOT combine vaccines or products in the same bottle or syringeDo NOT combine vaccines or products in the same bottle or syringe Unless the label clearly states to do soUnless the label clearly states to do so Can cause adverse reactions by changing the pH or the chemical compositionCan cause adverse reactions by changing the pH or the chemical composition Shake or agitate products as directed on the label prior to use to ensure they stay in proper suspension in the bottleShake or agitate products as directed on the label prior to use to ensure they stay in proper suspension in the bottle

13. Intramuscular injections Choose muscle tissue of lesser valueChoose muscle tissue of lesser value NeckNeck After filling the syringe, point the syringe upwards and tap the barrel with your finger to make air bubbles move upwards into the syringe tipAfter filling the syringe, point the syringe upwards and tap the barrel with your finger to make air bubbles move upwards into the syringe tip Slowly, push the plunger to eject the air bubbles from the syringe before injecting the productSlowly, push the plunger to eject the air bubbles from the syringe before injecting the product Enter perpendicular to the skin surfaceEnter perpendicular to the skin surface Ensure you go deep into the muscle tissueEnsure you go deep into the muscle tissue Ensure you aren’t in a blood vesselEnsure you aren’t in a blood vessel

14. Subcutaneous injections If given the choice between SQ and IM, choose SQIf given the choice between SQ and IM, choose SQ Half-way up the neck in front of the shoulder or over the ribs well behind the shoulderHalf-way up the neck in front of the shoulder or over the ribs well behind the shoulder Make a “tent” with the skinMake a “tent” with the skin Lift the foldLift the fold Insert the needle through one sideInsert the needle through one side of the tent at an angle of about 30-45 degrees Not possible to make the tent on pigsNot possible to make the tent on pigs

15. Intravenous Specialized technique that requires expertise and practiceSpecialized technique that requires expertise and practice Get advice and training from your veterinarianGet advice and training from your veterinarian

16. Consequences Treatment failureTreatment failure Drug residues in meat or milkDrug residues in meat or milk Animal suffering and incapacitation due to nerve damage and swelling from tissue reactionsAnimal suffering and incapacitation due to nerve damage and swelling from tissue reactions Excessive trim at slaughterExcessive trim at slaughter Due to abscess, scarring, broken needlesDue to abscess, scarring, broken needles Shock or deathShock or death If medications unintentionally enter the bloodstreamIf medications unintentionally enter the bloodstream Accidental human injectionAccidental human injection

17. Treatment records All treatments given to food animals should be permanently recorded to ensure withdrawal time requirements are metAll treatments given to food animals should be permanently recorded to ensure withdrawal time requirements are met Improve treatment decisionsImprove treatment decisions Permanent records should include:Permanent records should include: Animal’s identificationAnimal’s identification Date treatment was givenDate treatment was given Product nameProduct name DosageDosage SiteSite Time when meat or milk will be ready for saleTime when meat or milk will be ready for sale