1. ELiTES 1 st General Meeting Tokyo, October 2012 Federico Ferrini – EGO Director Thanks to the European Union Delegation

2.  Why a global strategy  Present detectors  The example of an existing evolving infrastructure  Perspectives & role of institutional stakeholders GW Research efforts in the World ELiTES October 2012

3.  ~100 yrs from Einstein’s “prediction”, only indirect evidence  “Complexity”  Precision never reached before in any physics experiment  high tech needed and developed “ad hoc” research infrastructures  Ambiguity of source (local noise vs outer signal)  coincidences  Identification of the sources  triangulation, vision by multiple eyes The same nature of the physical problem determines the strategy of research. Hence, Cooperation more than Competition Why a global strategy ELiTES October 2012

4. GW interferometric initial detectors A network of detectors has been active in the World until few years ago ASPERA 2012: GW detectors4 TAMA, Tokyo, 300 m (now CLIO) GEO, Hannover, 600 m LIGO Livingston, 4 km Virgo, Cascina, 3 km LIGO Hanford, 4 km: 2 ITF on the same site! GEO, Hannover, 600 m

5. GW interferometric initial detectors A network of detectors has been active in the World until few years ago TAMA, Tokyo, 300 m (now CLIO) GEO, Hannover, 600 m LIGO Livingston, 4 km VIRGO, Cascina, 3 km LIGO Hanford, 4 km: 2 ITF on the same site! GEO, Hannover, 600 m

6. GEO600 600 m

7. LIGO – Livingston, LA GEO600, Hannover, Germany LIGO – Hanford, WA LIGO Scientific Collaboration

8. The search for GW signal emitted by a binary system (NS-NS) requires a network of (distant) detectors ASPERA 2012: GW detectors8 Event reconstruction Source location in the sky Reconstruction of polarization components Reconstruction of amplitude at source and determination of source distance (BNS) Detection probability increase Detection confidence increase Larger uptime Better sky coverage

9. New players ! 9 KAGRA A 2.5 generation detector, under construction in Japan, implementing new technologies in a 3km long site in Kamioka (2018)

10. (Further) New players ! LIGO-India The move of aLIGO-H2 to India to improve pointing capabilities of the GW detector network (2018- 2020) is almost decided AIGO Attempt to build a GW interferometer in Australia

11. EGO: French-Italian Consortium to support & operate VIRGO EGO in synthesis and promote cooperation for gravitational waves physics in Europe

12. EGO/VIRGO A large infrastructure : 3 km long arms: Δ L / L = 10 -21 60 ha of land; ~150000 m 3 of buildings The largest ultra-high vacuum system in Europe: 7000 m 3, P ≅ 10 -9 mbar High tech optics Several class 10 clean rooms 15000 m 3 thermo stabilized to +- 0.2 °C 600 kW electrical power 24h/24h data taking; 1 TB/day collected

13.  LAPP – Annecy  NIKHEF – Amsterdam  Radboud Univ. - Nijmegen  RMKI - Budapest  INFN – Firenze-Urbino  INFN – Genova  LMA – Lyon  INFN – Napoli  OCA – Nice  LAL – Orsay  APC – Paris  LKB - Paris  INFN – Padova-Trento  INFN – Perugia  INFN - Pisa  INFN – Roma 1  INFN – Roma 2  POLGRAV - Warsaw

14. EGO: Carries out research in the field of gravitation of common interest of the Members Promotes contacts among scientists and engineers, dissemination and training for young researchers Promotes co-operation on experimental and theoretical gravitational waves research in Europe EGO Aims on a larger horizon

15. Coordination of EU projects: 2004/2008 FP6 : Participant of the ILIAS (Integrated Large Infrastructures for Astro-Particle Science) project, coordinator of the networking activity: N5-GW Antenna 2008/2011 FP7 : Einstein Telescope coordination of the whole project management of the centralized budget support to the ET science team interface with the European Commission for all the financial aspects reporting activity … now ELiTES EGO & EU

16. Organization of the II ASPERA Industry Event 20-21 October 2011, focus on “Optics and Laser” Hosting ASPERA outreach meeting (16-17 June 2011) Member of IDPASC, International Doctorate Network in Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Virgo EGO Scientific Forum, VESF : fellowships & Schools (GW & Data Analysis) EU Researchers’ night Virgo visits Industry & Education

17. Finances & Staff Investments to establish the infrastructure + initial generation experiment (VIRGO): ~130 M€ Annual budget to EGO: 9 M€ partially used for continuous updating of the interferometer Budget available for the upgrade to Advanced Virgo: 22 M€ Personnel on EGO site: 49 staff + 12 on short term contract Personnel by the scientific teams: about 200. Fellowships on EGO budget or other sources via the Consortium: 65 in 9 yrs (4.8 M€).

18. From Present to Future of GW research in Europe An history of success today in science is the outcome of a recipe that requires three ingredients: the vision of the scientific community the support of stakeholders the close participation of the industrial world GW research in Europe is a reality with outstanding expectations Very well established out-of-EU collaborations Differentiated community that found a common theme (ET)

19. A paradigmatic case:  EGO/VIRGO & GEO600  Multi-site Research Infrastructure  Guide to 3 rd Generation Interferometers  Local & Global The virtuous quadrilateral: Research Technology Collaboration Education An EUROPEAN STRATEGY for GW?

20. Summary An efficient, responsive and light structure to support Virgo and promote European collaboration under supervision by national institutions EGO existence relies on Virgo/AdV success The future of GW in Europe depends upon a stronger collaboration between EU countries. EGO may prefigure the required infrastructure. Advanced VIRGO