1. Characterization of Semiconductor Detectors by DLTS by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Asgahr Hashmi The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

2. Outline  pn junctions as radiation and particle detectors ■ Radiation-induced defects in semiconductors ■ The interaction of electron traps with electrons ■ Characterization of traps with DLTS ■ Worth to know about DLTS

3. Part-II Dual Axis Solar Tracking System

4. Arrangement of the Proposed Solar Tracking System

5. Fuzzy logic based solar tracking system are designed and implemented to track sunlight with higher degree of accuracy by pointing the solar panel always towards the sun in most of the day time.

6. Fuzzy Logic Basics Fuzzy logic addresses such applications perfectly as it resembles human decision making with an ability to generate precise solutions from certain or approximate information. Facial pattern recognition Transmission systems Unmanned drone/helicopter Smart households like washing machines etc.

7. Block Diagram of Fuzzy Logic Based Solar Tracking System

8. Plot of M.F’s for O/P Variable, SM-2 “Vertical Motor Control” Plot of M.F’s for O/P Variable, SM-1 “Horizontal Motor Control”

9. Ranges and M.F.’s Membership Function (MF) Ranges (Voltage)Region Occupied Most Left-6 to -41 More Left-6 to -21-2 Little Left-4 to 02-3 Balanced-2 to 23-4 Little Right0 to 44-5 More Right2 to 65-6 Most Right4 to 66

10. Complete Set of Rules for Solar Tracking System

11. A Situation - Example Input Variables Input Voltage (u) Values Region Selection Fuzzy Set Calculation Horizontal Position C H 1.25 x=2u=2.5 2≤x<4 Region-5 f 1 =(4 - 2.5)/2=0.75 f 2 =1-f 1 =1-0.75=0.25 Vertical Position C V 2.4 x=2u=4.8 4≤x<6 Region-6 f 3 = (6 - 4.8)/2=0.6 f 4 = 1-f 3 =1-0.6=0.4 The symbol ^ presents the operation of “min-AND” b/w the corresponding values of M.F’s.

12. Rules Horizontal position C H Vertical position C V Horizontal Motor Control SM-1 Rotation( o ) Vertical Motor Control SM-2 Rotation ( o ) 1. Little rightMore downLittle C.W = 0.66More C.W= 0.83S1S1 1. Little right Most down Little C.W = 0.66Most C.W= 1.0S2S2 1. More rightMore downMore C.W = 0.83 S3S3 1. More right Most down More C.W = 0.83Most C.W = 1.0S4S4

13. iRiRi SiSi R i * S i 10.60.660.3960 20.40.660.2640 30.250.830.2075 40.250.830.2075 ΣS i *R i =1.075; ΣS i *R i ∕ ΣR i = 1.075/1.5= 0.716 = 71.6% for SM-1 motor in the clock wise rotation. iRiRi SiSi R i * S i 10.60.830.498 20.41.00.4 30.250.830.207 40.251.00.25 ΣS i *R i =1.3555; ΣS i *R i ∕ ΣR i =1.3555/1.5=0.9036 = 90.36 % for SM-2 motor in the clockwise direction.

14. Fuzzy logic controller Four Input current values from the four “Light Dependent Resistors” installed on solar panel Two output values as the “Stepper Motor Speeds” for the alignment of the solar panel

15. MATLAB (Simulink) Results Overview

16. Specifications of the PV panel used Model No.TBP-1235 ISC2.25 A V OC 21.2 V I MP 2.06 A V MP 17V P MIN 35W N S (No. of cells)36 Nominal irradiance at 25°C1000

17. Output power with/without tracker Time of the day PV panel output values without trackerPV panel output values with tracker V(V)I (A)P(W)V(V)I(A)P(W) 7:00 am6.470.0160.1038.100.1030.84 8:00 am8.760.0670.59311.440.1691.942 9:00 am10.330.1601.658 11.6380.2853.324 10:00 am12.750.1922.45612.030.2743.307 11:00 am12.390.2583.20111.830.2883.412 11:30 am12.370.2623.24011.85 0.28853.419 12:00 pm12.750.2583.2911.88 0.28813.423 1:00 pm12.800.2443.12411.830.2833.36 2:00 pm12.790.2393.06211.70 0.28853.377 3:00 pm12.880.2333.01011.760.2833.342 4:00 pm12.750.1411.80811.960.202.397 5:00 pm12.680.1011.28912.090.1772.152 6:00 pm12.290.0851.05212.090.1732.104 7:00 pm9.610.0340.33411.760.1061.259 Total161.622.2928.22161.953.20637.65

18. Efficiency of the system WITHOUT solar tracking system

19. Efficiency of the system WITH solar tracking system

20. Conclusion The completed simulation of FIS (Fuzzy Inference System) in MATLAB is also verified in SIMULINK environment. The efficiency of the solar panel increases reasonably by the use of dual axis solar tracking system. The results confirm reliability of the system. The system is easily expandable to control several PV panels at the same time.

21. Thank You.