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Chapter 5 Lecture Outline Roots and Soils Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Outline Function of Roots Root Development Root Structure Specialized Roots Mycorrhizae Root Nodules Human Relevance of Roots Soils
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PLANT ORGANS - Regions, Tissues, Sub-tissues, cells I. Function of Roots _________________________________ OTHER: Some store energy as ________________ Other Special
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II. Root Development RADICLE embryo’s ___________________ ROOT SYSTEMS: 2 1. TAPROOT: _________ ___________________ – Advantage of Taproots ___________________ Taproot system
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Root Development … 2. FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM: ___________ ___________________ – Advantage? ______________________ Fibrous root system
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III. Root Structure A. IMMATURE Regions: 1. ROOT CAP – 1. Location 2. Tissue 3. Shape 4. Functions: o Mucilage o Gravitropism – Produced by: ______________ _________________________ Longitudinal section through root tip
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Root Structure … 2. Region of Cell Division 3. Region of Elongation: _____________ 4. Region of Maturation - Cells Differentiate, Specialize, and Mature to become different cell types. - HOW: Root tip showing primary meristems
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Root Structure … B. MATURE TISSUES produced by Region of Maturation EPIDERMIS: – Root hair Cells – Root Hairs – Function Root hair zone of radish seedling
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Root Structure … Cortex - Region inside to epidermis – Tissue and cells: – Function: _______________________________ Cross section of dicot root
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Root Structure … Cortex … – Endodermis - Inner boundary of cortex –=–= – Casparian Strip: wax (suberin) around Endodermis o Function: Substances moving in from soil with water must enter through endodermis cell membrane = control over __________________________ Enlargement of vascular cylinder of dicot root
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Root Structure … Vascular cylinder – Region – Pericycle – outermost layer/region of Cylinder o Function: Region of endodermis and pericycle in dicot root Lateral root formation
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Root Structure … Vascular Cylinder … Xylem T.: with Vessel Elements Phloem T. with Sieve-tube Elements and Companion Cells Other tissue patterns: Vascular cylinder of dicot root Monocot Root
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Root Structure Growth-- STUDENTS DO Determinate growth – Indeterminate growth
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Specialized Roots Food Storage Roots Store: Example: Water Storage Roots Example: Manroot, water storage root
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Propagative Roots Suckers/Adventitious buds; - Develop into aerial stems – Example: Fruit Trees
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Specialized Roots Pneumatophores water plants – Gas exchange Example: Mangrove pneumatophores
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Specialized Roots Prop Roots Buttress Roots Function: Tropical Trees Buttress roots of tropical fig tree
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Specialized Roots Contractile Roots Function – Lilly bulbs, dandelions Parasitic Roots
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Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae - Fungi that form a mutualistic association with plant roots Mutualistic association: + +Both organisms benefit – Plant benefits: more water and nutrients, (phosphorus) – Fungi benefits: sugars and amino acids to fungus.
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Mycorrhizae
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Root Nodules Bacteria and Plants: Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria: convert N2 into nitrates for roots. Root nodules contain large numbers of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Legume Family (Fabaceae) Root nodules on roots
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Human Relevance of Roots STUDENTS DO
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Soils Soil: Solid portion: minerals and organic matter. Pores: with air and water.
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Soils Soil Layers = horizons: Topsoil – A horizon - Dark loam, more organic material – E horizon - Light loam B Horizon - Subsoil – More clay, lighter in color C Horizon - Parent material Soil profile
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Soils Parent Material Parent material - Rock Rock types: – Igneous – Volcanic – Sedimentary - Deposited by glaciers, water or wind – Metamorphic – Pressure or Heat Changes igneous or sedimentary
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Soils Climate Climate Affects Deserts – Low weathering by rain soils poorly developed Moderate rainfall Areas Well-developed soils High rainfall Areas minerals leached out
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Soils Living Organisms and Organic Composition Bacteria and fungi: decompose organic material to inorganic chemicals Animals: activities and wastes. Humus - Partially decomposed organic matter, dark Roots and living organisms: – produce carbon dioxide + H2O weak acids o increases rock dissolution into minerals.
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Soils Topography Topography - Surface features Steep areas: ↑ erosion Flat areas: poor drainage – ↓ Soil Development Ideal topography
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Soils Soil Texture and Mineral Composition Soil Texture – particle sizes Sand – Visible particles – Drain too quickly Silt - Particles small; need microscope Clay - seen with e- microscope – Clay particles = Micelles o charged and attract +ions = Mg ++ and K +
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Soils Best soils: 40% silt, 40% sand and 20% clay Soil Structure - Arrangement of soil particles into aggregates pore spaces occupying 40-60% of soil.
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Soils Water in the Soil Hygroscopic Water - Physically bound to soil unavailable Gravitational Water - Drains out of pores Capillary Water - held against gravity in pores Plants mostly dependent upon Affected by organic matter and underground water
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Soils Soil pH Alkalinity: some minerals less available copper, iron and manganese Solution: adding sulfur – sulfuric acid by bacteria, or by – add nitrogen fertilizers Acidit:y inhibits nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Solution: liming = add calcium or magnesium
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Review Function of Roots Root Development Root Structure Specialized Roots Mycorrhizae Root Nodules Human Relevance of Roots Soils
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