1. Adrenals, Pancreas, Gonads, Other Tissues

2. The Adrenal Glands Location: on top of the kidneys Description:
Bean-shaped
Actually like two organs in one
Cortex (more glandular; surrounds medulla)
Medulla (more neural, in center)

3. Adrenal Cortex 3 major groups of steroid hormones
Collectively called corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones

4. Mineralocorticoids Produced by outermost cortex layer
Regulate water and electrolyte (salt, mainly Na+ and K+) balance
Target tissue: kidney tubules
Main one is aldosterone

5. Glucocorticoids Produced by middle cortical layer
Helps body cope with prolonged or continuing stressors
When these are high, fats and proteins are broken down and glucose is added to the blood
If constantly stressed, may lead to weight gain around waist
Help control inflammation (decreases edema) and reduces pain
Main ones are cortisone and cortisol

6. Sex Hormones Most produced by inner cortex layer are male androgens
Some estrogens are formed as well
Produced throughout life in relatively small amounts

7. The adrenal glands
ADDISON’S DISEASE: hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones
Peculiar bronze tone to skin
Problems with electrolyte and water balance
Muscles become weak
Hypoglycemia
Lessened ability to cope with stress
Suppression of immune system

8. The adrenal glands
CUSHING’S SYNDROME: hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Swollen “moon face”
Appearance of a “buffalo hump” of fat on the upper back
High blood pressure
Hyperglycemia
Weakening of the bones
Severe depression of immune system

9. The adrenal glands MASCULINIZATION: hypersecretion of sex hormones
Can occur in either sex
In males, effects can be masked
In females, results are more dramatic
Beard can develop
Masculine pattern of hair distribution

10. Adrenal Medulla
When stimulated by sympathetic neurons, the medullary cells release catecholamines
Adrenaline/epinephrine
Noradrenaline/norepinephrine

11. Catecholamines
When you feel (or are) physically or emotionally threatened, “fight or flight” response occurs
Medulla stimulated; hormones into blood
Prepares body to cope with brief or short-term stressful situations
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
Dilates small passageways of the lungs

12. The adrenal glands
Hypersecretion of catecholamines keeps body in “fight or flight” mode
Rapid heart beat, high blood pressure
Tendency to perspire and be irritable
Treatment: surgical removal of the catecholamine-secreting cells

13. Be ready to answer!
Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?
Which group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex has some of the same effects as the hormones of the ovaries and testes?
A man has a heart attack and is hospitalized. Would you expect his wife’s blood glucose levels to be elevated, normal, or lower than normal? Why?

14. Summary- be ready to answer! Match!
Calcitonin
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Parathyroid hormone
Sex hormones
T3/T4
Decreases blood calcium levels
Help the body resist long-term stressors
Increases blood calcium levels
Main metabolic hormone of the body
Regulate water and electrolyte levels in blood
Small amounts of male and female hormones

15. Summary- be ready to answer
Summary- be ready to answer! Decide if each is caused by hypersecretion or hyposecretion of each respective hormone.
Hashimoto’s disease/thyroid hormones
Grave’s disease/thyroid hormones
Cretinism/thyroid hormones
Myxedema/thyroid hormones
Tetany/parathyroid hormones
Cushing’s syndrome/adrenal cortex hormones
Addison’s disease/adrenal cortex hormones

16. Pancreas Location: abdominal cavity, near stomach Description:
Most of it is exocrine (enzyme-producing): part of digestive system
Feather-like appearance
Endocrine portion: Islets of Langerhans (or Pancreatic Islets)
With Alpha & Beta cells
Hormones: Insulin and glucagon

17. Insulin When glucose is high in the blood, beta cells release insulin
Target: almost all cells
Promotes uptake by cells
Decreases glucose levels in blood
Once in cells, glucose is used for energy, or converted to glycogen or fat for storage

18. Glucagon Antagonist of insulin
Alpha cells release it when blood levels of glucose are low
Main target organ: the liver
Causes liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) into blood
Increases blood sugar levels

19. Abnormalities
Diabetes Mellitus: cells cannot use glucose; islet cells do not make enough insulin or cells do not respond to it.
3 kinds:
Type I/Juvenile
Type II
Gestational

20. Type I Diabetes Before age 30 Less common, more severe
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
Treatment: blood sugar monitoring, insulin injections

21. Type II Diabetes In adults, but become more common in younger people
Associated with being overweight
Insulin secreted but cells do not respond (sugar stays in the blood)
Treatment: diet, oral medication, weight reduction

22. Gestational Diabetes During pregnancy
Due to hormones secreted by the placenta
Usually disappears after childbirth
If not treated- complications for the mother and child