1. Presentation by: MKPOUTO IBEKWE Student ID no.: 435231

2. Ethics  The packaging of the ipod nano 4G is 32% lighter and 54% of less volume than the first generation ipod nano. This resulted in decreased energy consumption at manufacture and also decreased material waste at the end of product life. thereby reducing the cost by about 2% that the ipod nano would have been priced. Apple has in turn had to spend less, thereby reducing the cost by about 2% that the ipod nano would have been priced.  Ipod nano 4 th generation makes use of an LED display, which is more energy conservative than fluorescent lamps. Because of this, Apple spent less, since LEDs are more than 100 percent cheaper than fluorescents lamps, again reducing the cost that the ipod nano 4 th generation would have been priced.

3.  Instead of relying on non-rechargeable batteries, the ipod nano 4 th generation uses an internal, rechargeable, lithium-based battery that lasts longer and has more usage efficiency, while also contributing to the decrease of the number of batteries cast away to landfills. However, the cost of manufacturing the rechargeable batteries and its chargers is transferred to the consumers, resulting in an increase to the pricing of the ipod nano 4 th generation. 10% discount on the purchase of a new iPod.  Apple conducts a free ipod recycling program through its retail stores, which offers environmentally friendly disposal and 10% discount on the purchase of a new iPod. This means that any consumer that recycles old iPod will get a 10% discount in their next purchase hence the price will drop by 10% for that consumer.

4. Legislation All Apple products comply with the ROHs directive against the use of certain hazardous materials such as: Cadmium, BFRs and Hexavalent Chromium. Because of this, Apple has had to turn to alternative raw materials. Considering the cost of zinc as an alternative raw material to the use of cadmium: Cadmium(99.5%) is $2.85/lb Zinc is $0.54/lb in complying with the ROHs directive lower price of the ipod nano 4 th generation than it probably might have been. It can be deducted that, in complying with the ROHs directive, Apple has had to make a transition to a cheaper raw material ( zinc in this case ), hence decreasing its cost of production by about 6% and thereby leading to a lower price of the ipod nano 4 th generation than it probably might have been.

5. in line with the ROHs and WEEE policies a bit of an increase in the pricing of the ipod nano 4 th generation. Also, in order for Apple to use alternative raw materials that are in line with the ROHs and WEEE policies, it had to make qualitative research and testing. The cost incurred during this process would eventually be transferred to the consumer and that would cause a bit of an increase in the pricing of the ipod nano 4 th generation. APPLE INC. ROHS RESEARCH TESTING MERCURY LEDsCADMIUM WASTES Cost of dumping in city landfills transferred…. Cost of testing transferred…. Cost of research transferred…. PRICE OF IPOD NANO(4G)

6. Conclusion The policies of regulatory bodies made to favour the environment and the consumer, affect the raw materials used in the production of the ipod nano 4 th generation, thereby also affecting its price. Decisions made for the manufacture of the ipod nano 4 th generation by Apple inc., with respect to the environment, affects the pricing of the ipod nano 4 th generation.

7. References Zinc price tables (November 6, 2008). Retrieved November 8, 2008 from: http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/zn/zn.asp http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/zn/zn.asp Alternatives to cadmium for electrical/electronic applications. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from: http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4583818 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4583818 Dennis Lloyd. A brief History of iPod (2004). Retrieved October 28, 2008 from: http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/instant-expert-a-brief-history-of-ipod/ http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/instant-expert-a-brief-history-of-ipod/ Steve Jobs. A Greener Apple(2006). Retrieved November 8, 2008 from: http://www.apple.com/hotnews/agreenerapple/ http://www.apple.com/hotnews/agreenerapple/ Cadmium price tables (Nov 2, 2007). Retrieved November 17, 2008 from: http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/cd/cd.asp#Tables http://www.metalprices.com/FreeSite/metals/cd/cd.asp#Tables No more excuses: Apple introduces free recycling program for schools(May 2007). Retrieved November 8, 2008 from: http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2007/05/18/no-more-excuses-apple-introduces-free- recycling-program-for-schools Apple-Environment-Recycle. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from: http://www.apple.com/environment/recycling/ Longer battery life equals a greener Earth (August 1, 2007). Retrieved November 27, 2008 from: http://powerelectronics.com/power_systems/green-power-longer-battery-life-0807/