1. Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington Chapter 9 Joints © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. An Introduction to Joints Learning Outcomes 9-1Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each category. 9-2Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common synovial joint accessory structures and their functions. 9-3Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton. 9-4Describe the joints between the vertebrae of the vertebral column. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. An Introduction to Joints Learning Outcomes 9-5Describe the structure and function of the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. 9-6Describe the structure and function of the hip joint and the knee joint. 9-7Describe the effects of aging on joints, and discuss the most common age-related clinical problems for joints. 9-8Explain the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other body systems. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. An Introduction to Joints Articulations Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect Joint Structure Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion or ROM) Joint strength decreases as mobility increases © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 9-1 Classification of Joints Two Methods of Classification 1.Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint 2.Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 9-1 Classification of Joints Functional Classifications Synarthrosis (immovable joint) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 9-1 Classification of Joints Structural Classifications Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Joints (Part 1 of 3).

9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Joints (Part 2 of 3).

10. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Joints (Part 3 of 3).

11. 9-1 Classification of Joints Synarthroses (Immovable Joints) Are very strong Edges of bones may touch or interlock Four types of synarthrotic joints 1. Suture 2. Gomphosis 3. Synchondrosis 4. Synostosis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 9-1 Classification of Joints Suture Bones interlocked Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue Are found only in skull Gomphosis Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament) Binds teeth to sockets © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 9-1 Classification of Joints Synchondrosis Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones Between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum Synostosis Fused bones, immovable Metopic suture of skull Epiphyseal lines of long bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 9-1 Classification of Joints Amphiarthroses More movable than synarthrosis Stronger than freely movable joint Two types of amphiarthroses 1. Syndesmosis Bones connected by ligaments 2. Symphysis Bones separated by fibrocartilage © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 9-1 Classification of Joints Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) Also called movable joints At ends of long bones Within articular capsules Lined with synovial membrane © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 9-2 Synovial Joints Articular Cartilages Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules Prevent bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid Reduce friction © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 9-2 Synovial Joints Synovial Fluid Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts Functions of synovial fluid 1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient distribution 3. Shock absorption © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 9-2 Synovial Joints Accessory Structures Cartilages Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 9-2 Synovial Joints Cartilages Cushion the joint Fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus (or articular disc; plural, menisci) Fat Pads Superficial to the joint capsule Protect articular cartilages Ligaments Support, strengthen joints Sprain – ligaments with torn collagen fibers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. 9-2 Synovial Joints Tendons Attach to muscles around joint Help support joint Bursae Singular, bursa, a pouch Pockets of synovial fluid Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 9-2 Synovial Joints Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints Prevent injury by limiting range of motion Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments) Articulating surfaces and menisci Other bones, muscles, or fat pads Tendons of articulating bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Medullary cavity Spongy bone Periosteum Components of Synovial Joints Joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Metaphysis Compact bone Synovial joint, sagittal section a

23. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Bursa Intracapsular ligament (cruciate) Fat pad Meniscus Ligaments Extracapsular ligament (patellar) Quadriceps tendon Tibia Femur Accessory Structures of a Knee Joint Patella Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Knee joint, sagittal section b

24. 9-2 Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule Subluxation A partial dislocation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 9-3 Movements Three Types of Dynamic Motion 1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion Monaxial (1 axis) Biaxial (2 axes) Triaxial (3 axes) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement.

27. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 1 of 12). SIMPLE MODEL OF ARTICULAR MOTION Take a pencil as your model and stand it upright on the surface of a desk. The pencil represents a bone, and the desk is an articular surface. A lot of twisting, pushing, and pulling will demonstrate that there are only three ways to move the pencil.

28. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 2 of 12). Moving the Point Linear motion Possible movement 1 shows the pencil can move. If you hold the pencil upright, without securing the point, you can push the pencil across the surface. This kind of motion is called gliding. You could slide the point forward or backward, from side to side, or diagonally.

29. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 3 of 12). Changing the Shaft Angle Angular motion Possible movement 2 shows the pencil shaft can change its angle with the surface. With the tip held in position, you can move the eraser end of the pencil forward and backward, from side to side, or at some intermediate angle.

30. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 4 of 12). Changing the Shaft Angle Circumduction Possible movement 3 shows a complex angular movement. Grasp the pencil eraser and move the pencil in any direction until it is no longer vertical. Now, swing the eraser through a complete circle in a movement called circumduction.

31. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 5 of 12). Rotating the Shaft Rotation Possible movement 4 shows that the pencil shaft can rotate. If you keep the shaft vertical and the point at one location, you can still spin the pencil around its longitudinal axis in a movement called rotation. No joint can freely rotate because this would tangle blood vessels, nerves, and muscles as they crossed the joint.

32. 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Terms describe: Plane or direction of motion Relationship between structures © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Gliding movement Two surfaces slide past each other Between carpal or tarsal bones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Flexion Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane Reduces angle between elements Extension Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane Increases angle between elements © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Hyperextension Angular motion Extension past anatomical position © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Figure 9-3a Angular Movements. Extension FlexionHyperextension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Hyper- extension a Flexion/extension Extension

37. 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Abduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves away from longitudinal axis Adduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves toward longitudinal axis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Figure 9-3b Angular Movements. Abduction Adduction Abduction b Adduction Abduction/adduction

39. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-3c Angular Movements. AdductionAbduction c Adduction/abduction

40. 9-3 Movements Angular Movement Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Figure 9-3d Angular Movements. d Circumduction

42. 9-3 Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position Relative to longitudinal axis of body Left or right rotation Medial rotation (inward rotation) Rotates toward axis Lateral rotation (outward rotation) Rotates away from axis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements. a Lateral (external) rotation Medial (internal) rotation Left rotation Right rotation Head rotation

44. 9-3 Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation Rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination Forearm in anatomical position © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements. b Supination Pronation

46. 9-3 Movements Special Movements Inversion Twists sole of foot medially Eversion Twists sole of foot laterally Dorsiflexion Flexion at ankle (lifting toes) Plantar flexion Extension at ankle (pointing toes) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 1 of 6). Eversion Inversion

48. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 2 of 6). Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) Plantar flexion (ankle extension)

49. 9-3 Movements Special Movements Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) Reposition Opposite of opposition Protraction Moves anteriorly In the horizontal plane (pushing forward) Retraction Opposite of protraction Moving anteriorly (pulling back) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 3 of 6). Opposition

51. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 4 of 6). ProtractionRetraction

52. 9-3 Movements Special Movements Elevation Moves in superior direction (up) Depression Moves in inferior direction (down) Lateral flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 5 of 6). DepressionElevation

54. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-5 Special Movements (Part 6 of 6). Lateral flexion

55. 9-3 Movements Functional Classification of Synovial Joints Gliding Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-and-socket © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. 9-3 Movements Gliding Joints Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial) Hinge Joints Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) Condylar Joints Oval articular face within a depression Motion in two planes (biaxial) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

57. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 7 of 12). Gliding joint Gliding joints, or plane joints, have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another, but the amount of movement is very slight. Movement: Gliding. Slight nonaxial or multiaxial Clavicle Manubrium

58. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 8 of 12). Hinge joint Hinge joints permit angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door. Move- ment: Angular. Monaxial Ulna Humerus Examples: Elbow joint Knee joint Ankle joint Interphalangeal joint

59. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 9 of 12). Condylar joint Condylar joints, or ellipsoidal joints, have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on the opposing surface. Movement: Angular. Biaxial Radius Examples: Radiocarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5 Metatarsophalangeal joint Scaphoid bone Ulna

60. 9-3 Movements Saddle Joints Two concave, straddled (biaxial) Pivot Joints Rotation only (monaxial) Ball-and-Socket Joints Round articular face in a depression (triaxial) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

61. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 10 of 12). Saddle joint Saddle joints have complex articular faces and fit together like a rider in a saddle. Each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other. Movement: Angular. Biaxial Examples: First carpometacarpal joint Metacarpal bone of thumb Trapezium II III

62. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 11 of 12). Pivot joint Pivot joints only permit rotation. Movement: Rotation. Monaxial Examples: Atlantoaxial joint Proximal radioulnar joint Atlas Axis

63. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Joint Movement (Part 12 of 12). Ball-and-socket joint In a ball-and-socket joint, the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. Movement: Angular, circumduction, and rotation. Triaxial Examples: Shoulder joint Hip joint Humerus Scapula

64. 9-3 Movements Joints A joint cannot be both mobile and strong The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

65. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Intervertebral Joints C 2 to L 5 spinal vertebrae articulate: At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

66. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Intervertebral Discs Pads of fibrocartilage Separate vertebral bodies Anulus fibrosus Tough outer layer Attaches disc to vertebrae Nucleus pulposus Elastic, gelatinous core Absorbs shocks © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

67. Figure 9-6a Intervertebral joints. Superior articular process Intervertebral Ligaments Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum a Anterior view

68. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-6b Intervertebral joints. b Lateral and sectional view Intervertebral Ligaments Vertebral end plate Interspinous ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum Intervertebral Disc Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Spinal cord Spinal nerve Superior articular facet Intervertebral foramen Anterior longitudinal ligament Supraspinous ligament

69. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Vertebral Joints Also called symphyseal joints As vertebral column moves: Nucleus pulposus shifts Disc shape conforms to motion Intervertebral Ligaments Bind vertebrae together Stabilize the vertebral column © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

70. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Six Intervertebral Ligaments 1. Anterior longitudinal ligament Connects anterior bodies 2. Posterior longitudinal ligament Connects posterior bodies 3. Ligamentum flavum Connects laminae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

71. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Six Intervertebral Ligaments 4. Interspinous ligament Connects spinous processes 5. Supraspinous ligament Connects tips of spinous processes (C 7 to sacrum) 6. Ligamentum nuchae Continues supraspinous ligament (C 7 to skull) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc Bulge in anulus fibrosus Invades vertebral canal Herniated disc Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus Presses on spinal cord or nerves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

73. Clinical Note 9-1a Damage to Intervertebral Discs. Normal intervertebral disc Bulging disc T 12 L1L1 L2L2 a A lateral view of the lumbar region of the spinal column, showing a bulging intervertebral disc

74. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Clinical Note 9-1b Damage to Intervertebral Discs. Compressed area of spinal nerve Nucleus pulposus of herniated disc Spinal nerve Spinal cord Anulus fibrosus b A sectional view through a herniated disc, showing the release of the nucleus pulposus and its effect on the spinal cord and adjacent spinal nerves

75. 9-4 Intervertebral Joints Movements of the Vertebral Column 1.Flexion 2.Extension 3.Lateral flexion 4.Rotation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. Table 9-2 Joints of the Axial Skeleton (Part 1 of 3).

77. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-2 Joints of the Axial Skeleton (Part 2 of 3).

78. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-2 Joints of the Axial Skeleton (Part 3 of 3).

79. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint Allows more motion than any other joint Is the least stable Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

80. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Socket of the Shoulder Joint Glenoid labrum Deepens socket of glenoid cavity Fibrocartilage lining Extends past the bone © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

81. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Processes of the Shoulder Joint Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula) Project laterally, superior to the humerus Help stabilize the joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

82. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Ligaments Glenohumeral Coracohumeral Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular Acromioclavicular Shoulder Separation Dislocation of the shoulder joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

83. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Muscles (Rotator Cuff) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

84. 9-5 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Bursae Subacromial Subcoracoid Subdeltoid Subscapular © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

85. Figure 9-7a The Shoulder Joint. Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoclavicular ligaments Coracoacromial ligament Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Clavicle Articular capsule Acromion Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Humerus Coracoid process Scapula Articular cartilages Joint cavity Glenoid labrum Articular capsule Anterior view, frontal section a

86. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-7b The Shoulder Joint. b Lateral view of pectoral girdle Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Acromion Muscles and Tendons of the Rotator Cuff Tendon of infraspinatus muscle Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Subacromial bursa Teres minor muscle Scapula Subscapularis muscle Articular capsule Glenoid labrum Coracohumeral ligament (cut) Glenoid cavity Subscapular bursa Glenohumeral ligaments Subcoracoid bursa Clavicle Ligaments Stabilizing the Shoulder Joint Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoclavicular ligaments Coracoacromial ligament

87. 9-5 The Elbow Joint The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

88. 9-5 The Elbow Joint Joints of the Elbow Humeroulnar joint Largest joint Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna Limited movement © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

89. 9-5 The Elbow Joint Joints of the Elbow Humeroradial joint Smaller joint Capitulum of humerus and head of radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

90. Figure 9-8a The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments. Humerus Antebrachial interosseous membrane Radial tuberosity Capitulum Radius Ulna Radial collateral ligament Annular ligament (covering head and neck of radius) a Lateral view

91. 9-5 The Elbow Joint Supporting Structures of the Elbow Biceps brachii muscle Attached to radial tuberosity Controls elbow motion Elbow ligaments Radial collateral Annular Ulnar collateral © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

92. Figure 9-8b The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments. b Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Antebrachial interosseous membrane Annular ligament Humerus Articular capsule Olecranon of ulna Ulna Radius Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Medial view

93. 9-6 The Hip Joint The Hip Joint Also called coxal joint Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis Wide range of motion © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

94. 9-6 The Hip Joint Structures of the Hip Joint Head of femur fits into it Socket of acetabulum Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

95. 9-6 The Hip Joint Ligaments of the Hip Joint Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral Transverse acetabular Ligamentum teres © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

96. Figure 9-9a The Right Hip Joint. a A lateral view with the femur removed Acetabulum Iliofemoral ligament Articular cartilage Acetabular labrum Fat pad in acetabular fossa Ligament of the femoral head Transverse acetabular ligament (spanning acetabular notch)

97. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-9b The Right Hip Joint. b An anterior view Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Iliofemoral ligament Lesser trochanter

98. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-9c The Right Hip Joint. c A posterior view, showing additional ligaments that add strength to the capsule Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Ischial tuberosity

99. 9-6 The Knee Joint The Knee Joint A complicated hinge joint Transfers weight from femur to tibia Articulations of the knee joint Two femur–tibia articulations At medial and lateral condyles One between patella and patellar surface of femur © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

100. 9-6 The Knee Joint The Articular Capsule and Joint Cavity Medial and lateral menisci Fibrocartilage pads At femur–tibia articulations Cushion and stabilize joint Give lateral support © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

101. 9-6 The Knee Joint Seven Major Supporting Ligaments 1. Patellar ligament (anterior) 2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior) 4. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule) 6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial) 7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

102. Figure 9-10a The Right Knee Joint. a Anterior view, superficial layer Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Tibia Fibula Patellar ligament Patella Patellar retinaculae Joint capsule Quadriceps tendon Ligaments that Stabilize the Knee Joint

103. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-10b The Right Knee Joint. b Deep anterior view, flexed Lateral Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial Menisci Tibia Fibula Fibular collateral ligament Cut tendon of biceps femoris muscle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Ligaments that Stabilize the Knee Joint Patellar surface

104. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-10c The Right Knee Joint. c Posterior view, superficial layer Ligaments that Stabilize the Knee Joint Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Popliteal ligaments Cut tendon of biceps femoris muscle Femur Plantaris muscle Gastrocnemius muscle, lateral head Gastrocnemius muscle, medial head Joint capsule Bursa Tibia Popliteus muscle Fibula

105. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-10d The Right Knee Joint. d Deep posterior view, extended Fibula Tibia Cut tendon Femur Lateral Fibular collateral ligament Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial Menisci Ligaments that Stabilize the Knee Joint Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament

106. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-3 Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).

107. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 9-3 Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).

108. 9-7 Effects of Aging on Joints Degenerative Changes Rheumatism A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Arthritis All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints Osteoarthritis Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation Generally in people over age 60 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

109. 9-7 Effects of Aging on Joints Rheumatoid Arthritis An inflammatory condition Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease Involves the immune system Gouty Arthritis Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) Form within synovial fluid Due to metabolic disorders © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

110. 9-7 Effects of Aging on Joints Joint Immobilization Reduces flow of synovial fluid Can cause arthritis symptoms Treated by continuous passive motion or CPM (therapy) Bones and Aging Bone mass decreases Bones weaken Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

111. 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bone Recycling Living bones maintain equilibrium between: Bone building (osteoblasts) And breakdown (osteoclasts) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

112. 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Factors Affecting Bone Strength 1.Age 2.Physical stress 3.Hormone levels 4.Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion 5.Genetic and environmental factors © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

113. 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems Support and protect other systems Store fat, calcium, and phosphorus Manufacture cells for immune system © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

114. 9-8 Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems Disorders in other body systems can cause: Bone tumors Osteoporosis Arthritis Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.