1. Иосиф Сталин R. Scott Peoples Fairview High School, Boulder, CO

2. Young Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich Dzugashvili (b. 1879) – იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი Effectively an only child Father a cobbler, then shoe factory worker; mother born a serf, then a maid

3. Young Stalin Ekaterina, Soso, & Vissarion “Beso” Dzugashvili –"When I was young, I cleaned house for people and when I met a good-looking boy, I didn't waste the opportunity.“ - Keke Smallpox Gori Church School

4. Young Stalin Georgian Orthodox Seminary of Tiflis (Tblisi) Academic scholarship & choir stipend –poetry Georgian nationalism “Koba” Quit, or expelled?

5. Revolutionary Stalin Street gang leader or Okhrana agent provocateur? 1901 - Batumi oil refinery fire 1902 – leads 7000 workers vs. imperial troops 1905 – “fundraising” in Tblisi 1907 – Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

6. Young Stalin?

7. Revolutionary Stalin 1902-1913 – Arrested 8x, Exiled 7x, Escaped 6x 1912 – Prague Conference/founding of Bolshevik Party –Lenin appoints Stalin to Bolshevik Central Committee 1913-1917 – Exiled in Siberia

8. Siberia

9. Rise To Power Released March, 1917 –Joins Petrograd Soviet Editor of Pravda during Provisional Government April-May 1917 – elected to Central Committee and Politburo Peripheral role in October Revolution

10. Rise To Power Red Army Political Commissar on various fronts during the Civil War Various government positions, 1920-1923 Helped orchestrate Red Army invasion of Georgia, 1921

11. Stalin, Lenin, and Kalinin, 1919

12. Party Secretary Controlled business of Politburo (policy making body of Communist Party) Controlled agendas & discussions Controlled information sent out to party members Stalin with his wife Nadya

13. Positions in Orgburo and Secretariat Orgburo (Party administration department) Controlled appointments within Party Placed supporters in key positions Made appointments & dispensed favours to regional party secretaries

14. Control of Party Organization Controlled selection of party delegates to annual congresses where policy decided and Central Committee chosen Deliberately chose delegates hostile to opponents, e.g. Trotsky (1924 congress) Stalin’s position attracted powerful supporters, e.g. Zinoviev & Kamenev

15. Control of Party Membership Purged party of radical elements, e.g. students & soldiers Supervised ‘Lenin Enrolment’ (1924/5) doubling membership to 1 million New membership were non- ideological & poorly educated, drawn to Stalin’s nationalist policies

16. You have seen during the past few days the pilgrimage of scores and hundreds of thousands of working people to Comrade Lenin’s bier. Before long you will see the pilgrimage of representatives of millions of working people to Comrade Lenin’s tomb. You need not doubt that the representatives of millions will be followed by representatives of scores and hundreds of millions from all parts of the earth, who will come to testify that Lenin was the leader not only of the Russian proletariat, not only of the European workers, not only of the colonial East, but of all the working people of the globe. -- Stalin, “On The Death Of Lenin,” a Speech Delivered at the Second All-union Congress of Soviets

17. Lenin’s Funeral

18. Within the party itself, Lenin was revered almost as a Christ-like figure. The slogan "Lenin lived, Lenin lives, Lenin will live" typified the discourse of revolutionary immortality. In the struggle to assume Lenin's mantle, Zinoviev, Stalin and Trotsky sought to enhance their own credentials and cast aspersions on their rivals by quoting selectively from Lenin's massive oeuvres even while they invoked "Leninism" as a coherent body of doctrine. Thus, Stalin promoted "socialism in one country" as consistent with Lenin's outlook, contrasting it with Trotsky's pre- revolutionary theory of "permanent revolution." For his part, Trotsky sought to prove his loyalty to Lenin as well as his own historic role as leader of the October Revolution. Each, in effect, invented his own Lenin to suit his purposes. -- James von Geldern and Lewis Siegelbaum, Death of Lenin and the Birth of the Lenin Cult Cult of Lenin

19. a new religion to replace Russian Orthodoxy Lenin’s relations appealed for simple funeral Lenin’s body embalmed Lenin’s brain sliced into 30,000 fragments Lenin memorabilia, e.g. posters, matchboxes Later appeals to carrying on Lenin’s vision

20. Lenin on Stalin and Trotsky Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary-General, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution. Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggles against the C.C. on the question of the People’s Commissariat for Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present C.C., but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work. -- Lenin, Testament, 1922

21. Who was the strongest contender for the leadership of the Party?

22. Stalin - strengths Genuine working-class background Hardworking – won a place at seminary Admired Lenin’s writings (as a youth) Party activist Fundraiser (raiding banks) Reputation for toughness (‘man of steel’)

23. Editor of Pravda Opportunist – 1919, used roll as Head of Peasants’ Inspectorate to familiarise himself with workings of govt. Careerist – rapid promotion to Orgburo, Politburo & General Sec. Stalin - strengths

24. Stalin - weaknesses October Revolution – played little part Antagonised leading Communists, e.g. Sverdlov & Trotsky Reputation for ‘industrious mediocrity’, ‘a grey blur which flickered obscurely but left no trace’ (Sukhanov, 1917, died 1940 in a gulag)

25. Trotsky - strengths Rivalled Lenin in intellect & charisma Great orator Popular with youth & committed Communists Superb organiser (October Revolution, Civil War) Commissar for War – strong military support

26. Trotsky - weaknesses Personal weaknesses - arrogant & aloof Lacked political skills – didn’t foster support among fellow Communist leaders Radical & potentially divisive views Poor public perception – seen as outsider & lacking party loyalty Ill health (possibly malaria) – absent for key meetings & events (Lenin’s funeral)

27. Zinoviev - strengths Longstanding Bolshevik – active since 1903 Close to Lenin – arrived in Petrograd with Lenin, April 1917 Party Sec. in St Petersburg – able to build powerbase Chairman of Comintern Member of Politburo Good orator

28. Zinoviev - weaknesses Opposed armed uprising in Oct. 1917 Disagreed with Lenin about formation of new govt. – exclusion of other socialists Lacked popular appeal – E.H.Carr, ‘weak, vain & ambitious’ Not an intellectual

29. Kamenev - strengths Active member of Bolshevik Party since 1905 Worked closely with Lenin from 1907-1917 Major contributor to party doctrine Party Sec. in Moscow Commissar for Foreign Trade Member of Politburo Moderate E.H.Carr, ‘Intellectually superior to Stalin & Zinoviev’

30. Kamenev - weaknesses Opposed Lenin’s April Theses Opposed armed uprising of October 1917 Wanted socialist coalition govt. E. H. Carr, ‘lacked vision’

31. Bukharin - strengths Appealed to youth Major figure in party before 1917 Close to Lenin – called him ‘the golden boy of the Bolshevik Party’, ‘the favourite of the whole Party’ Contributor to Pravda Member of Politburo Intellectual & epicurean

32. Bukharin - weaknesses Led opposition to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Criticised Lenin & Trotsky over trade union debate Lacked political skills

33. Rykov - strengths Working class background Chairman of Vesenkha Chairman of Sovnakom Strong speaker Supporter of NEP & opponent of War Communism

34. Rykov - weaknesses Personal weaknesses – alcoholic Too outspoken Lacked political acumen

35. Tomsky - strengths Important figure in trade union movement – active member of metalworkers’ union Chairman of Central Council of Trade Unions Working-class background

36. Tomsky - weaknesses Lacked senior position within party Opposed Lenin over trade union debate (1920)

37. What were the main issues in the leadership struggle?

38. Nature of leadership Collective leadership or rule by committee Reversal of centralisation process of Civil War Fear of dictatorship Fear of Trotsky (Commander of Red Army, Commissar for War) Need for a moderate candidate

39. NEP and industrialisation Consensus on need to industrialise Concern over negative effects of NEP – rich superclass, property dealing, land speculation, gambling, prostitution Arguments over next stage of NEP High unemployment Wages out of step with price increases Reemergence of food shortages Peasants beginning to hoard produce again

40. What do we mean by left and right-wing politics? How would this apply to the Communist Party? Who would be on the left and who would be on the right?

41. NEP and industrialisation Disagreement over when & how to end NEP experiment Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev (left): end NEP, militarisation of labour, forced requistioning of grain Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky (right): continue NEP, develop consumer economy to encourage manufacturing industry

42. ‘Permanent Revolution’ versus ‘Socialism in One Country’ Permanent Revolution Hard-line Communism – militarisation of labour, collective farming etc Trotsky Needed international support -world Communist revolution required Socialism in one country Moderate Communism – flexible response to USSR’s needs Stalin Nationalist appeal

43. How did Stalin actually become leader?

44. Two wings of Communist Party Zinoviev Kamenev Bukharin

45. Two wings of Communist Party Left Wing Individuals like Zinoviev, Kamenev Liked Trotsky but didn’t want a dictatorship Liked traditional Bolshevik ideals Suspicious of NEP & return of capitalism ‘Permanent Revolution’ Right Wing Individuals like Bukharin Liked NEP Liked industrialisation & expansion of Russian economy Socialism in one country

46. Stalin’s six steps to power! 1. Before Lenin’s funeral, Stalin tricks Trotsky into not coming. People think Trotsky can’t be bothered to turn up. Stalin, meanwhile, makes a stirring speech praising Lenin and saying he was Lenin’s disciple.

47. Stalin’s six steps to power! 2. May 1924, just before 13 th Party Congress, Central Committee decided not to publish Lenin’s testament, as it contained criticisms of them as well as Stalin & may have overly favoured Trotsky

48. Stalin’s six steps to power! 3. In 1924, 13 th Party Congress, Zinoviev & Kamenev join forces with Stalin to defeat Trotsky. Stalin (party secretary) packs Congress with supporters. Trotsky lost the vote due to his support for ‘ban on factions’ and soon his job as Commissar for the War.

49. Stalin’s six steps to power! 4. 1924, Zinoviev & Kamenev attack Trotsky on his support for Lenin. Trotsky publishes ‘Lessons of October’ challenging their loyalty to 1917 Revolution. Stalin sits back & watches opponents destroy each other.

50. Stalin’s six steps to power! 5. 1926, Stalin turns on Zinoviev & Kamenev, joining forces with Bukharin and the right of the party attracted by nationalist ‘Socialism in One Country’ policy. Stalin supporters pack the Congress and Zinoviev and Kamenev lose vote of no confidence & their jobs in the Politburo. Trotsky, Kamenev & Zinoviev form ‘United Opposition’ movement and in 1927 are expelled from the party.

51. Stalin’s six steps to power! 6. 1928, Stalin attacks Bukharin and supporters of the NEP. Proposes rapid industrialisation & militarised labour (views of the left he has smashed!) Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky out- voted, expelled from Politburo

52. Stalin’s six steps to power! By 1929, his 50 th birthday, Stalin was undisputed leader of the USSR.

53. What happened to Trotsky?