1. George L. Clark 3M Materials X-ray Chemistry Laboratory Facility DirectorDanielle L. Gray dgray@illinois.edu244-1708 CrystallographerAmy Fulleramylee34@illinois.edu333-3959 BiocrystallographerYi Gui Gaogao@scs.uiuc.edu244-1131 Business Hours8:30a - 12:00p and 1:00p - 4:30pMonday - Friday Consulting Hours10:00a - 11:00a and 2:00p - 3:00pMonday - Friday Laboratory EntryNortheast Ground Floor Noyes, Room 60 Laboratory Phone333-9196

2. Brief History 1895 Roentgen, Discovers X-rays 1912 Laue, Friedrich, Knipping, Crystals diffract 1914 Bragg and Lawrence, solve atomic positions 1953 Rosalind Franklin, structure of DNA 1915 Both Braggs, win Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 Lonsdale, structure of benzene 1993 Bruker produces first CCD detector 1979 Sheldrick, writes SHELXTL

3. SHELXTL XPREP XS XP Chemistry P 2 1 /n a = 23.3481(4) b = 12.3868(2) c = 23.8191(1) beta = 92.756(1) XL Overview

4. Organic Chemistry and Crystallography it matters

5. Absolute structure without a heavy atom Thompson, A.L.; Watkin, D.J. Tetrahedron: Assymetry, 2009, 20, 712-717. 1.Crystallize the compound with a component of known stereochemistry 2.Bijvoet Pairs (h k l and -h -k -l) need to be examined for anomalous dispersion effects Centrosymmetric vs. Non-centrosymmetric I hkl = I -h-k-l I hkl ≠ I -h-k-l Flack and/or Hooft Analysis Must have Cu radiation with no heavy atoms!

6. The main pitfall of absolute structures Is the crystal examined a representative of the bulk crystals? –Racemic mixtures can crystallize 1.As a centrosymmetric crystal 2.As a non-centrosymmetric crystal that is twinned 3.Each individually as non-centrosymetric crystals –Circular dichroism or enantioselective chromatography to test if crystal is the same as bulk

7. Crystal Quality is Essential YES MAYBE NO

8. The Ideal Sample The ideal sample, like this 40 x 70 x 360 μm crystal mounted on a 300 μm cryo-loop, is attached using an inert oil, frozen in place using a cold gas stream, and recovered after the diffraction experiment is finished. Like many spectroscopic techniques, the overall amplitude of the diffraction pattern is proportional to sample volume. There are no limits on crystal morphology, but the practical range of linear dimensions is 5 to 500 μm. Air, temperature, and light sensitive samples are routinely used.

9. Growing “good” crystals Solvent Cooling Solvent Evaporation Layering Liquid/Liquid diffusion Vapor Diffusion Sublimation