1. JFK & The Cold War

2. Who was John F. Kennedy? -35 th President of the United States of America. -Youngest president elected -First president to be born in the 1900s. -A family man from a wealthy, well known family

3. JFK’s Inaugural Address https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdTDc A4QlTAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdTDc A4QlTA

4. What happened in the election of 1960? Democrat JFKvs. Two things helped JFK win the election: 1.The first televised debate 2.Civil Rights Issues Republican Richard Nixon

5. How did a televised debate affect votes? JFK was more handsome, charismatic and seemed more poised than Nixon. JFK’s IMAGE helped him win. People who listened to the debate on the radio thought Nixon won!

6. How did Kennedy affect Civil Rights? JFK called MLK Jr’s wife after MLK arrest to show support and sympathy. Gained support from African Americans and won him key states in the Midwest and South

7. Why was it called the Camelot Years? Equated with King Arthur’s Court in the story “Camelot,” which happened to be a popular musical during the 1960s. Looked at the Kennedy’s with awe and admiration

8. Describe the Kennedy Mystique Surrounded themselves with culture and art. People wanted to be like them. People looked at them like “regular” people/family, not as staunch, unreachable politicians

9. Who were the best and brightest? JFK appointed the “Best” people, who attended the “best” schools and had the “best” employment backgrounds One of his most important advisors and Attorney General was his brother, Robert Kennedy McNamara

10. A New Military Strategy: What was different about this strategy? Kennedy’s idea of flexible response was different than Eisenhower’s plan of Massive Retaliation. Massive Retaliation was the idea that we could and would respond to any situation with nuclear warfare. What is flexible response? Flexible response gave more options for our reactions to situations. We could now have limited wars if situations were smaller and did not call for all out nuclear war. This meant we had to re- build our non-nuclear military forces.

11. What was the crisis over Cuba? Before JFK’s inauguration, Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba when Fidel Castro took control. Who was Fidel Castro? Fidel Castro was a self-declared communist who took over control as dictator of Cuba and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

12. Why was Cuba a “dilemma?” Castro seized American and British oil refineries & turned farmland into communes. American sugar companies asked for help so we enacted a trade barrier against Cuban sugar. 10% of Cubans went into exile, mostly in the U.S. A counter-revolution took shape.

13. What happened in the Bay of Pigs? CIA trained Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Castro. 4/17/1961 1,300- 1,500 exiles landed in Cuba’s Bay of Pigs RESULT: Invasion went bad & ended in complete humiliation for the U.S. Left Cuba open for aid (arms) from U.S.S.R.

14. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? The USSR armed Cuba with Nuclear Missiles and we saw they were facing us via U2 photos. Next came 13 days of complete terror that Cuba was going to launch Nuclear bombs on the U.S. U.S. stopped ships from USSR heading to Cuba, which came dangerously close to nuclear war. Finally came to an end with U.S.’s guarantee we would not attack Cuba and U.S.’s secret promise to take missiles out of Turkey. USSR took the missiles back from Cuba.

15. How did Kennedy and Khrushchev take the heat for the Cuban Missile Crisis? People thought JFK lost his chance to invade Cuba & out Castro. Exiled Cubans blamed Democrats for “losing Cuba” Communists viewed Krushchev’s agreement to take missiles out of Cuba as a humiliation and failure. This, plus his failed agricultural plan led to his removal in 1964.

16. Why was the Cold War different than any other war? Because Mutually Assured Destruction was a real possibility.

17. Why was there a crisis in Berlin? Khrushchev wanted to close off all routes from E. Berlin to W. Berlin because East Berliners were fleeing to freedom from communism there. The U.S. wanted to ensure the freedom of W. Berlin (they didn’t want a repeat of the Berlin Airlift) ».».

18. Berlin Wall Tensions were high that this was going to lead to war between the U.S. & U.S.S.R. until Khrushchev decided to build a wall (The Berlin Wall) instead

19. ATTEMPT BY JFK TO TONE DOWN HIS HARD-LINE STANCE HOT LINE ESTABLISHED IN 1963: –DEDICATED PHONE LINE FOR CRISIS SITUATIONS BETWEEN WHITE HOUSE & KREMLIN What are some ways tensions were eased?

20. LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY (1963): –BARRED NUCLEAR TESTING IN THE ATMOSPHERE What are some ways tensions were eased? **Improved relations somewhat between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

21. Describe Kennedy’s promise for progress. The New Frontier A legislative program with proposals to provide medical care for elderly, to rebuild urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the National Defense, to increase International Aid and to expand the Space Program.

22. How did Kennedy stimulate the economy? Increased spending with lowered taxes 20 % increase in defense spending, and increased minimum wage to $1.25 Extended unemployment insurance and assisted cities with high unemployment. $$$$$$$$$$$$

23. ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS (1961) WHERE: LATIN AMERICA WHAT: ECONOMIC AID & ECONOMIC REFORMS WHY: PREVENT SPREAD OF COMMUNISM FROM CUBA TO OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES OF WHAT OTHER COLD WAR PROGRAM DOES THIS REMIND YOU? How did JFK address poverty abroad?

24. WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON TELL YOU ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF JFK’S ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS?

25. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ AFTER 1969 FUNDING FOR THE ALLIANCE WAS GREATLY REDUCED. WHY DO YOU THINK THIS WAS SO? RESULT: ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS FAILED TO BRING FUNDAMENTAL REFORMS TO THE NATIONS INVOLVED

26. PEACE CORPS (1961) WHERE: ASIA, AFRICA, LATIN AMERICA WHAT: VOLUNTEERS WORK IN UNDERDEVELOPED NATIONS: –FARMING –HEALTH CARE –EDUCATION How did JFK address poverty abroad?

29. CALLED “KENNEDY’S KIDDIE KORPS” BECAUSE MANY VOLUNTEERS WERE COLLEGE STUDENTS

30. BY 1968 35,000 VOLUNTEERS IN 60 COUNTRIES STILL IN EXISTENCE AND A HUGE SUCCESS

36. How did the U.S. win the “Race to the Moon?” JFK COUNTERS SOVIET LEAD IN SPACE EXPLORATION PROMISES TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON BY END OF THE DECADE

37. GOAL ACHIEVED IN 1969 “THE EAGLE HAS LANDED” GAVE RISE TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES & EXPANSION OF UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PROGRAMS

38. How did JFK address domestic problems? 1963 he called for a “national assault on the causes of poverty” Ordered Robert Kennedy’s Justice Department to investigate racial injustices in the South. Presented a Civil Rights Bill & proposal to cut taxes by $10 billion.

39. What tragedy happened in Dallas, TX? Visiting Dallas, Kennedy was assassinated Lyndon B. Johnson (VP) took oath Lee Harvey Oswald charged with murder During prison transfer, Jack Ruby killed Oswald

40. Why are there still unanswered questions? People thought it was a conspiracy so the Warren Commission investigated and disproved it was a conspiracy. 1979, it was said to be a conspiracy and that there must have been 2 shooters Not enough information has been released 1992 JFK Records Act was established to decide what should be public record.

41. Major effects of Kennedy’s Assassination: 1. Lyndon B. Johnson was now president of the U.S. 2. It led to many conspiracy theories 3. It contributed to the distrust of government!

42. Please Do Now: Why was the Cold War different than any other war? –Mutually Assured Destruction was a possibility due to the technology of the H- bomb and the fact that both sides had access to it.