1. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water Soil and dust mineralogy: Iron carried by dust and Impacts Slobodan Nickovic WMO Research Department WMO This study does not necessarily represents opinion of WMO

2. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait 2 Mineral composition of dust from dust-productive soils: impacts Fe and P embedded in dust  ocean nutrients Cloud ice nucleation sensitive to dust mineral composition Radiation absorption/reflection depends on dust colour Fe as an enhancement factor in meningitis outbreaks (Thompson, 2008) and in bacterial infections in general

3. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait GMINER30 database 1 km global 9 minerals in arid soils Data used: –FAO soil types (4km) –USGS land cover (1km) –STATSGO textures (1km) –Claquin et al (1999) table Nickovic et al., (2012), ACP Available at http://www.seevccc.rs/GMINER30/http://www.seevccc.rs/GMINER30/

4. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Geographic distribution of: a)Quartz, b) Illite, c) Kaolinite, d) Smectite, e) Feldspar, f) Calcite, g) Hematite, h) Gypsum and i) Phosphorus

5. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Most Fe modelling studies approximate 3.5% 1-km Fe fraction (%): the missing puzzle in current dust- Fe models is now available

6. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Dust is a carrier of the embedded nutrients such as Fe (and phosphorus) In remote oceans, input of iron in dust dominates other inputs Soluble iron is an essential micronutrient in marine environments ATMOSPHERIC IRON Algae Bloom Canary Islands, August 2004 (Ramos et al., 2008) x

7. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait ATMOSPHERIC IRON PROCESSING AND OCEAN PRODUCTIVITY

8. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait How we model the process? High-resolution regional modelling Use of the new hi-res mineralogy data Extend the dust DREAM model with additional Fe- related tracers Develop mineral-dependent solubility parameterization

9. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Tracers in DREAM-Fe Emission, advection, vertical mixing, wet/dry deposition Tracer concentration equations – dust (C) – total Fe (T) – free Fe (F) – soluble (S) Fe chemical transformation: first order reaction kinetics How to model K ?

10. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait (i) structural iron embedded in the crystal lattice of alumino-silicates referred as ‘‘free-iron’’; and ii) oxide/hydroxide iron referred as ‘‘iron oxides” (Lafon et al., 2004). Journet et al. (2008) showed that mineralogy is a critical factor for iron solubilization.

11. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait

12. Reaction coefficient K  We parameterize K as a function of soil mineralogy  Shi et al (2011): free-to-total Fe (F/T) proportional to Fe solubility potential  We calculate F/T from GMINER30

13. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait K from GMINER30 Shi et al (2011) soil sample sites and evidence on F/T

14. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Model validation CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography A16N cruise (Buck et al., 2010) Dust dominates Model simulation at 26 July 2003 Left to right: Total Fe (ug/m^3) Sol. Fe (ug/m^3) Solubility (%)

15. The Regional Conference on Dust and Dust Storms 20-22 November, 2012- Sheraton, Kuwait Model vs. observations along different Atlantic cruses routs: Total Fe