1. Begin by reading the “Brief” Bio on my man “John Locke” using the separate file. Then in your notebook – answer these 3 questions: 1.What are 3 of John Locke’s beliefs about government? 2.What US document (s) are based on the ideas of Locke? 3.How can Locke’s influence be seen in this/these document (s)? At the end of the section, you’ll be able to do a “self check” on your answers!

2. THE “SEEDS” OF INDEPENDENCE

3. - TERMS 1. Divine Right - King rules because he said he got power from God. 2. Natural Rights—this theory states that people were born with inalienable rights from God and the government received its right to rule from the people. Reason would now be used to explain and understand government and not just blind faith in it. I. The Enlightenment Influences American Thought A. The colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment and by Natural Law theorists.

4. B. John Locke (1632-1704) 1. Wrote Two Treatises on Government in 1690. 2. Said God gave people inalienable (or natural) rights, that people are born with; the rights of “Life, Liberty, and Property.” 3. Said that government is a social contract with people 4. Said that if the government fails to protect those rights then the people have the right to “alter or abolish it.”

5. You will now see 3 different pictures (2 paintings and a photograph) followed by a text from John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government. My goal is to help you understand some of the basic theories of John Locke including: 1. limited government 2. unalienable rights 3. equal rights 4. and authority from consent of the governed and see that Locke is as relevant in “modern” times as he was in 1690!!

6. The Problem We All Live With by Norman Rockwell “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which treats everyone equally…[Being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, or possessions.” -John Locke Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away from anyone, for example freedom of speech. Equal rights are the belief that all persons, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, age, etc., have the same rights as everyone else. Questions to consider: 1. What is happening in this painting? 2. Which principles of democracy are illustrated by this painting? (equality, natural rights, liberty, unalienable rights)

7. Flag with Male Symbol By Dave Cutler “The old [traditions] are apt to lead men into mistakes, as this [idea] of [fatherly] power’s probably has done, which seems so [eager] to place the power of parents over their children wholly in the father, as if the mother has no share in it. Whereas if we consult reason or [the Bible], we shall find she has an equal title.” -John Locke Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away from anyone, for example freedom of speech. Equal rights are the belief that all persons, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, age, etc., have the same rights as everyone else. Questions to Consider: 1. What is happening in this painting? 2. How does this painting relate to the concept of unalienable rights? Equal rights?

8. June 1989 – Tiananmen Square Photographer: Unknown “Whensoever…the [government] shall…put into the hands of any other an absolute power over the lives, liberty, and estates of the people, by this breach of trust they forfeit the power [of] the people…who have a right to resume their original liberty, and by the establishment of the new [government] provide for their own safety and security.” -John Locke A limited government is a government that does not have absolute authority. Consent of the governed is the political theory that governments gain their authority from their people. A government is not legitimate if the people do not give their consent. Question to consider: 1. What is happening in the picture and how does it relate to the topic of limited government?

9. C. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 1. Wrote The Social Contract 2. He believed people were basically good, but were corrupted by society. 3. In his book, he said the people can revolt against the government (like Locke said). 4. His most famous quote: “Man is born free, everywhere he is in chains.” 5. His work calls for democracy.

10. D. Voltaire (1694-1778) 1. Wrote Letters on the English and Candide. 2. He made fun of both the church and the state by using satire. 3. He also believed, like Locke that people have natural rights, but were not capable of ruling themselves. People need a good monarch—like in England. 4. He promoted freedom of speech a. "I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

11. IS FREEDOM OF SPEECH “ABSOLUTE”?

12. “Ummm…Excuse Me….I Have A Question!!” Which of the Enlightenment Thinkers had the greatest influence on our Founding Fathers….and Why??

13. E. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) 1. Wrote The Spirit of the Laws 2. He said the government should be divided into three parts and have a balance of power. 3. France never accepted this, but the Americans did. F. Adam Smith (economic Enlightenment thinker—a physiocrat) 1. Wrote Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2. He believed that a government should allow its business people to compete freely through supply and demand WITHOUT government interference.

14. 3. He called this theory laissez-faire 4. He became more influential as the Industrial Revolution spread. His work also shaped many 19 th and 20 th century economies. G. Benjamin Franklin was influenced by the Enlightenment. 1. He was a scientist, writer, inventor and statesman. 2. He wrote Poor Richard's Almanac (1732) 3. He believed Americans were not locked into tradition as the Europeans were.

15. II. RELIGIOUS REVIVAL A. 1740s—The Great Awakening swept through the colonies. 1. Led by Jonathan Edwards & George Whitfield (founded Methodism) a. They wanted to “awaken people to their religious shortcomings.”

16. B. Witchcraft comes to an end due to the Enlightenment 1. Ended after hysteria swept Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. 2. 19 people were hanged and one was crushed to death.

17. 3. This event is often compared to McCarthyism in the 1950s—when Senator McCarthy hunted for Communists in the government and in Hollywood. III. Colonial Education Grew A. Literacy rates were highest in New England and lowest in the South. 1. Laws in New England required all towns with 50 families to hire a schoolmaster. B. Puritans, in particular, believed that it was important for all members in the community to read (so they could read the Bible.) C. American colleges trained ministers.

18. D. Earliest college was Harvard in Massachusetts (1636). 1. Other colleges – William & Mary (1693) in Virginia, Yale (1701) in Connecticut. E. Most students came from well-to-do families. 1. Later graduates entered other majors.

19. Entry Gate – Harvard College (Harvard Yard) Pics. taken by: Mr. Powers 5/2012

20. Massachusetts Hall – Harvard College (Harvard Yard) John Adams lived here John Hancock lived here Sam Adams lived here Pics. taken by: Mr. Powers 5/2012

21. Widener Library– Harvard College Pics. taken by: Mr. Powers 5/2012

22. IV. The written word. A. The Printing Press was extremely important B. Until 1760, most printed works were sermons. C. Newspapers linked the colonies together. D. The John Peter Zenger Trial—1735. 1. Set the principle or precedent of freedom of the press.