1. ECEN5553 Telecom Systems Dr. George Scheets Week 11 Read [25] “All Smart, No Phone” [26a] "A Surge in Small Cells" [26b] "Riding the Data Tsunami in the Cloud" Exam #2 (Internet thru Fiber Optic Systems) 28 October < 4 November (Distant Learning) Term Paper 6 November (Live) 13 November (Distant Learning

2. Term Paper Reminders n Statement not "Common Knowledge"? u Cite in Main Body of the Paper n Don't plagiarize! u Copied word for word? Cite it & put in "quotes". u Don't cut & paste, and then change a few words. n Probe Further n Don't Get too Bubbly n Watch out for dated references n Good Score u Good Read, Factually Correct, Follows Outline n Feel Free to have someone proofread your paper

3. Paper Delivery  No Paper Copies  Submit Electronically via EMail or D2L...  Word Perfect  Word  Writer (Open Office).odf files  PDF

4. Web Citations n Provide sufficient info so I can pull up your article!! Use common sense. n http://web site/directory/filename is best (include author, title, year if available) u Don't just put http://web site n author, title, journal, year (available at Search Engine XYZ) is fine n Beware the long URL generated by search engines u Sometimes they work. Sometimes they don't.

5. Fiber Capacity Growth Source: High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, IEEE Communications, November 2012

6. Modulation n Up to 10 Gbps, typically OOASK u On-Off Amplitude Shift Keying u Detecting presence or absence of a light pulse n 40 Gbps, starting to see phase modulation u Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) u Better BER than straight OOASK n 100 Gbps, starting to see Coherent Detection u More sophisticated, better BER than DPSK

7. Design Dilemma: Revisited Offered Trunk Load Average Delay Bandwidth Glut - WDM is keeping this option alive Keep Trunks Lightly Loaded Use simple Routers/Switches (FIFO) All StatMux traffic has low delays. Average

8. Design Dilemma: Revisited Average Average Delay Bandwidth Crunch Keep Trunks Heavily Loaded Use complex Routers/Switches Prioritize Traffic High Priority Delays identical to BW Glut. Offered Trunk Load High Priority Low Priority

9. Mortal Enemy of Buried Fiber Oops!

10. Line Switched Ring Affected traffic treated as indivisible entity. OKC NYCDET TUL From/ToOKCTULDETNYC OKC-123 TUL1-45 DET24-6 NYC356- 1+2 2+4+5 3 1+2 5+6 2+4+5 3 5+6 X

11. Line Switching NYC ↔Tulsa Traffic Now Inefficiently Routed OKC NYCDET TUL From/ToOKCTULDETNYC OKC-123 TUL1-45 DET24-6 NYC356- 1+2+5+6 2+4+5+5+6 3+5+63+5+6 1+2+5+6 5+6 2+4+5+5+6 3+5+6 5+6 X NYC

12. Path Switching Affected Flows Individually Rerouted OKC NYCDET TUL From/ToOKCTULDETNYC OKC-123 TUL1-45 DET24-6 NYC356- 1+2+5+6 2+4+6 3+5+63+5+6 1+2+5+6 5+6 2+4+6 3+5+6 5+6 X NYC

13. Failure Analysis/Survivability Suppose LA ↔ Dallas link fails. Suppose LA ↔ Denver Traffic routed as shown.

14. Failure Analysis/Survivability 1-30 Paths 31-60 Paths 61-90 Paths 91-120 Paths 121+ Paths Figure 1) 17 Node, 27 Link Test Network with 500 End-to-End Optical Paths. Links are color coded based on traffic density. If Line Protection, the affected Line's traffic is rerouted around break. Rerouted LA ↔ Denver.

15. Failure Analysis/Survivability LA ↔ Denver.

16. Anaheim - Dallas Fails Example here is Path Protection. All affected city pairs are rerouted. Note changes in NE. Rerouted LA ↔ Denver.

17. Line vs Path Protection n Line Protection is faster u Treats affected traffic as indivisible Reroutes all flows over same links u Affects fewer network switches u Requires more spare BW n Path Protection is slower u Reroutes each individual flow u May affect most all network switches u Requires less spare BW

18. Note that The Internet has no specified Physical Layer... n 7 Application n 6 Presentation n 5 Session TCP n 4 Transport TCP n 3 Network IP n 2 Data Link n 1 Physical

19. On the WAN, SONET/OTN fits the bill! n 5 Session TCP n 4 Transport TCP n 3 Network IP n 2 Data Link SONET/OTN n 1 Physical SONET/OTN n LAN: Ethernet n MAN: T-Carrier, SONET/OTN, & Ethernet

20. SONET Ring SONET ADMs & Cross-Connects Fiber Optic Cables in the ground (up to 40 Gbps per SONET λ) OSI Level 1 & 2 Physical Network

21. 4 3 2 Trunks ISP Backbone (Logical Network) OSI Level 2 Note Logical connection between router 1 & 3. 1 4 3 ISP Routers

22. ISP traffic riding on a SONET Ring Physical fiber optic cables might be connected as shown. OSI Level 1 & 2 1 4 3 2

23. ISP traffic riding on a SONET Ring Router trunk circuits may ride over the SONET network as shown. SONET trunks dedicate time slots to each trunk. OSI Level 1 & 2 1 4 3 2 X

24. 4 3 2 Trunks ISP Backbone (Logical Network) OSI Level 3 Note Logical connection between router 1 & 3. 1 4 3 ISP Routers X X

25. SONET/OTN is Important on the WAN n Internet, OSI Layer 3 u Needs something at Layer 1 (& 2) n Carrier Ethernet, OSI Layer 1 & 2 u Not "Carrier Grade", Insufficient OAM n T1 & T3 Leased Lines sold end-to-end u T1 (twisted pair) & T3 (coax) on last mile u SONET time slots on long haul n SONET Layer 2 importance decreasing u SONET is circuit switched TDM geared towards voice u Optical Transport Network faster & more packet friendly u IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring

26. OSU 2009 Internet Connectivity

27. POTS Connectivity Phone CO Fiber Optic Trunk Copper Local Loop Copper Local Loop 4 Wire 2 Wire ‘4 Wire’ Analog Digital 64 Kbps TDM

28. POTS Connectivity (ISDN) All-Digital Phone System V1.0 Phone CO Fiber Optic Trunk Copper Local Loop Copper Local Loop 4 Wire 2 Wire ‘4 Wire’ Digital 64 Kbps

29. Integrated Services Digital Network n Basic Rate Interface (BRI) u Aimed at typical home users, SOHO crowd u Provides 2 x 64 Kbps Bearer Channels... F Phone & Computer usage u... & 16 Kbps signaling channel. n Looked good in early '90's u Compared to a 14.4 Kbps dial up modem n RBOC's deployed ISDN capable switches slowly.

30. ISDN n SBC was gearing up to push this in mid '90's. Then... u Internet use exploded u DSL came along n BRI = Too Little, Too Late n n Voice calls will eventually be all-digital, but not as envisioned with ISDN u u VoIP or VoMPLS RIP

31. ISDN n Primary Rate Interface (PRI) u Aimed at medium to large business u Provides 23 x 64 Kbps Bearer Channels... u... & 64 Kbps signaling channel. n Has seen more success. u Reasonably common way to connect corporate PBX to PSTN u [19c] "SIP Trunking: The Savings Are There But Transition is Complex" F Covers transition from PRI to Internet SIP Trunking

32. All-Digital Phone System V2.0 IP Phone IP Phone Router ISP LAN Digital, ?? Kbps Router

33. All-Digital Phone System V3.0 Cell Phone Cell Phone ISP Digital, ?? Kbps Router

34. Radio Frequency Facts n Wavelength = Propagation Speed = λ Frequency n Rule of Thumb: As antenna size > 1/4 wavelength, EM radiation becomes significant. n Small antennas require high frequencies

35. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.000005 1 vp 1 MHz 1 MHz Sinusoid freq (Hertz) Power Spectrum 1,000,000

36. 1 MHz EM Wave 1 MHz Sinusoid Source An oscillating Electric voltage, connected to an antenna via a cable, will cause an Electro-Magnetic field to radiate away at nearly 3*10 8 m/sec. Analogy: Waves radiating from pebbles continually being dropped at the same location into a pond.

37. 1 MHz EM Wave 1 MHz Sinusoid Source EM wave will radiate in all directions. Propagates at near speed of light in a vacuum. Shown: Electric Field propagating to right. Not shown: Electric field in other directions. Not shown: Magnetic Field 300,000,000 meters/second

38. 1 MHz EM Wave 1 MHz Sinusoid Source 300 meters Situation at t = 0 Field Strength Meter 300 + 300 + 75 = 675m 375m

39. 1 MHz EM Wave 1 MHz Sinusoid Source 300 meters Situation at t =.000000250 seconds Field Strength Meter 300 + 300 + 75 = 675m 375m

40. RF Free-space Power Loss vs Optical Fiber Power Loss 0   10 6 RF Fiber 0 1,000 m distance Free Space Laser & Copper Cabling normally fall between these extremes. Fiber Loss = 1.047 RF Loss proportional to distance 2

41. EM Waves and You source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/ Solids: Concrete Wood Similar Effect. Glass: Similar except around visible light & infrared. Metal: Blocks everything. Gamma can punch thru thin sheets. MHzGHzTHzPHzEHz

42. Atmospheric Absorption source:http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/web/

43. Do Cell Phones Cause Brain Cancer? n Studies in [24b] show mixed results u Some show increased chances u Some show decreased chances n World Health Organization says maybe n Laws of Physics & Frequencies Used Today u Localized "Heating" possible u 1 watt cell by ear? 1/2 watt hits head. n Oklahoma Mesonet, 2:50 pm, 31 October 2011 u 600 watts/meter 2 solar radiation falling (hazy) u Top of Dr. Scheets' head ≈ 0.03 meters 2 u 19.2 watts of solar radiation hit top

44. Radio Transmission n Want a reasonable size antenna? u λ (= velocity/frequency) needs to be small u Signal needs high frequencies n Injecting pulses directly into antennas? u Won't work well u All pulses have a lot of low frequency energy Won't radiate well n Need to shift all pulse's energy to higher frequency range

45. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.000005 1 vp 1 MHz 1 MHz Sinusoid freq (Hertz) Power Spectrum 1,000,000

46. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.00001 1 MHz Binary ASK Two different Amplitudes are transmitted 10 cycles/.00001 seconds = 1 MHz 5 cycles/symbol 200 K symbols/second = 200 K bits/second

47. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.00001 Binary FSK Two different frequencies are transmitted Symbol #1) 5 cycles/.000005 seconds = 1 MHz Symbol #2) 10 cycles/.000005 seconds = 2 MHz 1.5 MHz Average (center) Frequency 2 symbols in.00001 seconds = 200 K symbols/second = 200 K bits/second

48. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.00001 1 MHz Binary PSK Two different phases are transmitted 10 cycles/.00001 seconds = 1 MHz 5 cycles/symbol 200 K symbols/second = 200 K bits/second

49. M-Ary Signaling n One of M possible signals transmitted each symbol interval n Tends to be used where bandwidth is tight & SNR decent at the receiver. n Each symbol can represent log 2 M bits n Example: In 16 FSK u one of 16 possible frequencies is transmitted every symbol interval u each symbol can represent 4 bits

50. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.000015 1 MHz 4-Ary ASK 4 different Amplitudes are transmitted (3 shown) 4th symbol might be 0 volts for 5 μ seconds 15 cycles/.000015 seconds = 1 MHz 5 cycles/symbol 200 K symbols/second = 400 K bits/second

51. 0 1.5 -1.5 0.000015 1 MHz Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (form of M-Ary Modulation) Different amplitudes and phases are transmitted 15 cycles/.000015 seconds = 1 MHz 5 cycles/symbol 200 K symbols/second = Log 2 M*200 K bits/second

52. Unfiltered 802.11b Spectrum