1. Preconditions for Live-Action Moving Pictures (“Movies”)

2. Preconditions for Live-Action Movies 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon

3. Preconditions for Live-Action Movies 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon 2. Photography (rather than hand-drawn images)

4. Preconditions for Live-Action Movies 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon 2. Photography (rather than hand-drawn images) 3. A short exposure time

5. Preconditions for Live-Action Movies 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon 2. Photography (rather than hand-drawn images) 3. A short exposure time 4. Ability to move film intermittently

6. Preconditions for Live-Action Movies 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon 2. Photography (rather than hand-drawn images) 3. A short exposure time 4. Ability to move film intermittently 5. A suitable film base

7. Roget Plateau Faraday Wheatstone 1.

8. 2. Niepce Daguerre

9. Photography (to replace hand- drawn images of the stroboscopic toys). 2. 1826 photograph by Niepce: “View from the Window at Le Gras” Niepce

10. Photography (to replace hand-drawn images of the stroboscopic toys). Daguerreotype of Edgar Allen Poe, 1848 2. Daguerre

11. 2.

13. 3.

14. Action at Fredericksburg U.S. Civil War photography by Matthew Brady

15. Confederate dead, Fredericksburg U.S. Civil War photography by Matthew Brady

17. The “Brady Stand”--Brady did not invent it, but it bears his name...

18. 3. In 1871, the gelatin bromide process (invented by British doctor Richard Leach Maddox) brought exposure times down to a fraction of a second—”by mixing a solution of gelatin with cadmium bromide and silver nitrate, an emulsion of silver bromide was formed, suspended in the gelatin” (Rawlence, 1990) which was coated on glass or paper.

19. 4.

20. 5. * - George Eastman (U.S.) in 1885 developed a paper-roll film—gelatin layer soaked in water and stripped off paper after exposure, allowing for mounting on glass or thick gelatin for printing.

21. 5.

22. Again, to summarize… Preconditions for Live-Action Movies..all these things had to come together for movies to exist: 1. Understanding the Persistence of Vision phenomenon 2. Photography (rather than hand-drawn images) 3. A short exposure time 4. Ability to move film intermittently 5. A suitable film base

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