1. LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE Chapter 9- World History Textbook

2. 9.1- THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS  During the Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the industrial giant.  In 1807, a British mechanic opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines  Belgium became the next European nation to industrialize  By the mid 1800s, everyone in Europe was starting to industrialize as well.

3. NATIONS RACE TO INDUSTRIALIZE  Other nations had more abundant supplies of coal iron, and other resources  Other nations also borrowed ideas from Britain  US and Germany soon became industrial powers (by 1900)  Other nations that industrialized quickly:  Japan  Canada  Australia  New Zealand

4. NEW IDEAS- STEEL PRODUCTION  Henry Bessemer worked with American inventor William Kelly to develop a new process for making steel from iron  As steel production soared, industrialized nations measured their success in steel output.  Ex: Germany- less than 5 million metric tons of steel in 1880, 15 million in 1910

5. NEW IDEAS- CHEMISTRY  Aspirins, perfumes, soaps  Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, used in construction, warfare  Dynamite earned Nobel a lot of money, which he willed to fund the Nobel Prizes, still awarded today.

6. ELECTRIC POWER REPLACES STEAM  Italian scientist Volta developed the first battery around 1800  Later, the English Chemist Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.  In 1870, American inventor Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb  For the first time, factories could continue operating after dark

7. NEW IDEAS- METHODS OF PRODUCTION  To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts, identical components that could be used in place of one another  The assembly line was also first introduced- different person performs a different task as the product moves along a belt from one station to the next.  Both of these new ideas made production faster and cheaper, lowering the prices of goods

8. TRANSPORTATION/COMMUNICATION  Steamships replace sailing ships  Railroad industry takes off, connecting inland cities and seaports  Transcontinental railroads hit the United States, Russia, India, China, Egypt, and South Africa

9. AUTOMOBILE  First gasoline-powered internal combustion engine was developed by Nikolaus Otto  In 1886, Karl Benz received a patent for the first automobile (3 wheels)  French nosed out Germans as early automakers  Henry Ford mass-produced cars in the early 1900s with the assembly line, making the U.S. a leader in the automobile industry

10. AIRPLANES  Orville and Wilbur Wright used the internal combustion engines to design the first airplanes  Commercial passenger travel did not begin until the 1920s.

11. COMMUNICATION  Samuel F. B. Morse developed the telegraph, which would send coded messages over wires by means of electricity.  First line was between Baltimore and D.C. (1844)  By the 1860s, an undersea cable spread messages from Europe to North America.  In the late 1890s, Marconi invented the radio

12. BUSINESS  New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money, or capital  To get capital, owners sold stock, or shares in their companies  Each stockholder became an owner of a tiny part in the company  Businesses formed giant corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

13. BUSINESS  Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy  These huge monopolies destroyed other competing companies, eliminating competition, which raised prices  Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies, and regulate corporations  Some thought it was good for the economy, others thought it damaged the laissez-faire aspect of the economy.