1. Nanotechnology workshop Ethan Minot, Department of Physics, Oregon State University minote@science.oregonstate.edu (Please send me an email – I’d love to hear from you) 1

2. Web links All videos that I showed in this presentation at listed and hyperlinked at: http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/~minote/wiki/doku.php?id=2012_smile_workshop

3. Overview 3

4. Orient ourselves in the nanometer world using biological examples

5. Nature makes builds everything from the bottom up (assemble the constituent atoms) Single stranded dna goes in Double stranded dna comes out In contrast, engineers often start with a big material and cut it smaller 2 nm 5

6. Keep cutting in half until you make “nanopaper”! See how many times you can cut in half. (Keep count). Activity: Cutting it down to nano Acknowlegdement: U. Wisconsin, MRSEC Video http://vimeo.com/15540606 6

7. Keep cutting in half until you make “nanopaper”! See how many times you can cut in half. (Keep count). Activity: Cutting it down to nano Another math question: If the paper dimensions are h x w, what ratio h/w should I choose so that h/w is invariant? Acknowlegdement: U. Wisconsin, MRSEC Video http://vimeo.com/15540606 How many more times are needed? (try calculating). What tools are needed? 7

8. Milling (old-school) A milling machine in a standard workshop 2 cm 8

9. Focused ion beam milling http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/37573 Video of ion mill: http://www.jcnabity.com/fibmill1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused_ion_beam 9

10. Direct write laser lithography ($500,000) Direct write electron beam lithography ($500,000) Image projection photolithography ($5,000,000) Other ways to make tiny patterns 10

11. Why spend 5 million? Cartoon picture Real image: TEM cross-section of a Tri-Gate Transistor 10 nm 11

12. Why go small? 1. Miniturization: - More transistors on a chip - More memory in an iphone - Test smaller blood samples from a patient - Use less chemicals in a chemistry experiment … 2. Maybe the material will take on new properties? 12

13. New properties at the nanoscale Did they use a focused ion beam, or a projection lithography system, or a biologically inspired self-assembly technique? 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics: Geim and Novoselov cut graphite down to the nanoscale and “discovered” graphene 13

14. New properties at the nanoscale 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics: Geim and Novoselov cut graphite down to the nanoscale and “discovered” graphene Did they use a focused ion beam, or a projection lithography system, or a biologically inspired self-assembly technique? 14

15. Activity: Cutting graphene down to the nanoscale 0.14 nm 0.34 nm 15

16. Graphite: Electrons travel a few nanometers before scattering Electrons velocity can be anything from zero to 10 6 m/s Graphene: Electrons travel a 100 nm before scattering Electrons move at a single velocity, 10 6 m/s. (Similar physics as photons – photons can only move at 3 x 10 8 m/s) 16

17. Other famous examples… gold, silver and aluminum Google search for “Nano and me youtube” The size threshold for nanoscience 17 Can relate this idea to the resistivity of materials. Resistivity is an intrinsic property that will change at the nanoscale). Bulk playdough has a resistivity ~ 20 Ohm.cm

18. The size threshold for nanoscience BigSmall Billions of atoms 1 atom Gradual transition to the nanoscale Physical and chemical properties start to smoothly change. 18

19. Scientific curiosity, or something useful? What could I do with a cheap, high performance electronic material that also happens to be transparent and chemically inert? For more ideas, google “A Day Made of Glass” movie by Corning 19

20. s 3 rd dimension of periodic table Size & geometry 20

21. Pathway to consumer electronics Not practicalVery practical! 21

22. Activity: Act out the assembly process Methane molecules absorb to the copper surface. At high temperature the methane flattens out. Carbon-carbon bonds start to form in the plane. The process is self- limiting when the copper is covered. H 2 is released. Look for this candy in the bulk bin at WinCo. $3 per pound. 22

23. Cut downBuild up Summary 23

24. Historical note: 1989 was an important milestone In 1989, Don Eigler was the first to use a scanning tunneling microscope tip to arrange individual atoms on a surface, famously spelling out the letters "IBM" with 35 xenon atoms. - See wikipedia article on Don Eigler 24

25. Making a CNT circuit A good point to explain the research that I do. Assemble atoms Micromachining of metal electodes (photolithography) 25

26. Assemble atoms into a carbon nanotube Quartz substrate Substrate Furnace: 900 o C methane 26

27. Micromachining metal electrodes 1. 2. 3. 4. Substrate Furnace: 900 o C Rachel and Claire, 2010 SESEY Camp 27

28. Hands-on analogy to making metal electrodes 1. 2.3. 4. 28

29. Compare to nanoelectronics lab Furnace: 900 o C methane Substrate Seed 29

30. $300,000 laser lithography tool Compare to nanoelectronics lab 30

31. $100,000 metal deposition tool Crucible with molten gold. Pressure inside chamber same as outerspace Compare to nanoelectronics lab 31

32. 10  m $200,000 microscope Compare to nanoelectronics lab 10 cm 32

33. Compare to nanoelectronics lab 33

34. What are these circuits good for? Replace the silicon (colored yellow) with a carbon nanotube Amplify electronic to noise made by a single enzyme. Many more examples… 34

35. Why listen to the noise of single enzyme? “Everything that living things do can be understood in terms of the jigglings and wigglings of atoms” - Richard Feynman 35

36. How can I tell if there is a single enzyme on a CNT? 36

37. 37 Old technology isn’t appropriate Light microscope. photon wavelength ~ 500 nm Single enzyme diameter ~ 5 nm 3 nm

38. Eyes at the nanoscale Atomic force microscopes Scanning tunneling microscopy Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope Scanning probe techniques Electron microscopy 38

39. Atomic force microscopes 39

40. Imaging examples This AFM video shows single stranded pieces of dna lying on a smooth surface. Brownian motion is causing the dna to “wiggle and jiggle”. For educational purposes, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was put inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to show the working principles of the AFM. In practice, the AFM is higher resolution than the SEM. 40

41. Activity: Atomic Force Microscope 41