1. CHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8.3: Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators. Essential Task 8.4:Essential Task: Compare and contrast the motivational theories of drive reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs detailing the strengths and weaknesses of each.

2. Essential Tasks 8.3 and 8.4: Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior –Instincts for animals –Biological factors like Drives (Primary vs. Secondary) Homeostasis –Operant conditioning factors Incentives intrinsic motivators Extrinsic motivators Motivational Theories –Drive Reduction Theory Strengths Weaknesses –Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law Strengths Weaknesses –Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Strengths Weaknesses

3. 3 Motives vs. Emotions Motive –Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior –a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Emotion (we’ll focus on this later) –Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

4. Instincts for animals NOT humans. Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).

5. 5 Humans don’t have instincts Concept of “Instincts” fell out of favor in psychology Most important human behavior is learned Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species Humans have reflexes but not instincts.

6. Biological Drives (Primary Drives) Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals -Motivate behavior necessary for survival Hypothalamus –Hunger –Thirst –Sex Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and (f)reproducing).

7. Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives. The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain equilibrium or balance A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

8. Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated Learned drives Wealth Success Fame

9. Operant Conditioning Factors Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive. When a stimulus creates goal- directed behavior

10. Intrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. It is stronger than external motivation

11. Extrinsic Motivators Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

12. 12 Theories of Motivation 1.Drive-Reduction Theory 2.Arousal Theory 3.Hierarchy of Motives

13. 13 Drive-Reduction Theory When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951). Tension

14. 14 Drive Reduction Food Drive Reduction Organism The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Stomach Full Empty Stomach (Food Deprived)

15. Drive Reduction Theory Strengths: –Does a nice job explaining most primary drives Failure: –Falls apart with more complex behaviors/secondary drives Sex and Secondary Drives

16. 16 Arousal Theory People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment I want a high level or arousal – let’s do something epic tonight. I want a low level of arousal – let’s stay in tonight. I am bored with my life I need a new job. I am stressed at work, let’s take a vacation.

17. Optimum Arousal Humans seek optimum levels of arousal. Sometimes we want lots of arousal Sometimes we want very low arousal Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less.

18. Yerkes-Dodson Law –States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task –The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

19. 19 Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self- esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908-1970)

20. 20 Hierarchy of Needs