2. The Basics of Learning Learning defined: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Associative learning Habits Habituation Conditioning Classical Operant Observational

3. Classical Conditioning Two big names: Ivan Pavlov and J. B. Watson Behavioralism The goal: “prediction and control of behavior.” Introspection, consciousness and thinking were not allowed at this party. Classical Conditioning is a basic form of learning

4. Pavlov Rings a Bell Ivan Pavlov’s Experiments Early observations Systematic study The Apparatus Harnessed dog Saliva capturing device Presentation of food Presentation of a neutral stimulus Observations of results

5. Pavlov’s Experiment

6. Key Terms Unconditioned (US) Stimulus: A stimulus that provokes an automatic and naturally occurring response. (UR) Response: The unlearned, natural reaction to the CS. Think of the UR as a reflex. Conditioned (CS) Stimulus: A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with the US and now provokes the CR. (CR) Response: The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Frequently UR=CR.

7. Key CC Processes Acquisition Timing and order effects Higher-order conditioning Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

8. Extending Pavlov’s Work Cognitive processing and CC The role of nature in nurture (specifically CC) An animal’s capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology. John Garcia and Robert Koelling experiment Other examples of biological predispositions Taste aversions “Lady in Red” Coyotes vs. Sheep The neurological side of CC The legacy of Pavlov’s work

9. Applications of CC Classical Conditioning and emotional responses Positive emotional connections Classical Conditioning and Fear John Broadus Watson and Little AlbertLittle Albert Classical Conditioning and Therapeutic Techniques Flooding, Systematic Desensitization and Counter- conditioning Classical Conditioning and the Immune System Classical Conditioning and Pop Culture

10. Operant Conditioning Key distinctions between CC and OC Respondent vs. Operant behavior Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s Experiments Thorndike and the Law of Effect Skinner Boxes Shaping Reinforcers Successive Approximation Discriminative stimuli

11. Reinforcement Reinforcer: Any event that increases the frequency of a previously-occurring behavior. Primary reinforcers Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers Positive reinforcement: Presenting a pleasurable stimulus in order to strengthen responses. Negative reinforcement: Removing or reducing an undesirable or punishing stimulus in order to strengthen responses The timing of reinforcement Delayed gratification

12. Two Types of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Pros and cons? Partial reinforcement Pros and cons? Schedules of partial reinforcement: Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval

13. Ratio Schedules

14. Interval Schedules

15. Comparison of Schedules

16. Punishment Punisher: Any consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again. Positive Punishment: Presenting a negative stimulus in order to decrease responses. Negative Punishment: Removing a positive stimulus in order to decrease responses. Effectiveness of punishment Problems with Punishment “What punishment often teaches is how to avoid it.”

17. Cognition and OC The Skinnerian model of OC discounts any need for mental processes to be considered – life is behavior and consequence. Latent Learning: Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement Mental or cognitive maps E.C. Tolman’s A-maze-ing experiment Motivation Intrinsic vs. extrinsic Effects of reinforcement on motivation

18. Biology and OC For operant conditioning to be successful, the behaviors you are shaping must be taken into account. Foree and Lolordo study Biology predisposes organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. Instinctive Drift

19. Applications of OC Skinner’s Legacy Applications in school Programmed Learning Reinforcement vs. Punishment Athletic Training Golf and Baseball examples Mr. Hanne and darts Workplace training

20. More Applications of OC Personal Uses of OC Parenting Conditioning Yourself (and others) Aka Behavior Modification Token Economies Avoidance Learning Learned Helplessness Review: CC vs. OC

21. Observational Learning Observational learning: Learning that occurs by watching and imitating others Examples Modeling Mirror Neurons Rizzolatti’s Theories Mirror effects in animals Mirror neurons in humans Empathy and emotions Yawns?

22. Bandura and Bobo Albert Bandura is a pioneering researcher in observational learning. AKA social-learning theory Best known for his 1961 Bobo Doll experiment. Know the experimental questions, procedures, results and additional research.

23. Observational Learning Vocab Modeling effect Acquiring new responses by seeing others demonstrate them. Elicitation effect Using a model to modify a known behavior in order to fit the needs of an unfamiliar situation Disinhibitory effect The tendency to exhibit previously suppressed behaviors if we see a model demonstrate the same behavior without punishment. Inhibitory effect The suppression of a behavior after seeing a model receive punishment for it.

24. Applications of O.L. Prosocial effects Modeling examples Hypocrisy research Antisocial effects Personal modeling Television and the media Imitation? Desensitization? Does media violence cause real violence?