1. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-1 4 Chapter Socialization The Role of Socialization The Self and Socialization Socialization and the Life Course Agents of Socialization

2. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2 Chapter Four Outline The Role of Socialization Environment; The Impact of Isolation The Influence of Heredity Sociobiology The Self and Socialization Sociological Approaches to the Self Psychological Approaches to the Self Socialization and the Life Course The Life Course Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization Agents of Socialization Family School Peer Group Mass Media and Technology Workplace The State Social Policy and Socialization: Day Care around the World The Issue The Setting Sociological Insights Policy Initiatives

3. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-3 Chapter Four Outline (2) Boxes Research in Action: Impression Management by Students after Exams Sociology in the Global Community: Raising Amish Children Eye on the Media: From Ulitsa Sezam to The X-Files

4. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-4 The Role of Socialization Personality is defined as a person’s patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior. Nature versus Nurture Heredity versus Environment What makes us who we are? Genes we’re born with or the environment in which we grow up? Personality:

5. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-5 The Role of Socialization The Impact of Isolation (undersocialization) Undersoc. Occurs from severe to mild. The “closet” babies never recover to age appropriate behavior. The “Harlow” monkey experiment shows us that even motherhood is a “learned” trait. Environment:

6. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-6 The Role of Socialization Studies of Identical Twins Intelligence tests show similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings. Intelligence tests show quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings. The Role of Heredity:

7. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-7 Elements of self The active self- what am I good at? The social self- Who and what do I care about? The psychological self- Who am I, inside? (esteem)

8. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-8 The Self and Socialization Cooley: Looking-Glass Self The self is the product of our social interactions with other people. We first perceive how we appear and then present that image to others. Next; we perceive how others judge that appearance (feedback) Third: We then continue or modify our “self” image. Sociological Approaches to the Self:

9. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-9 The Self and Socialization Mead: Theory of the Self The self begins as a privileged, central position in a person’s world. As a person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about the reactions of others. Significant Others: Individuals who are most important in the development of the self. Sociological Approaches to the Self:

10. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-10 The Self and Socialization Mead: Stages of the Self Symbol: The gestures, objects and language that form the basis of human communication. Role Taking: The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another. Generalized Others: The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a person takes into account. Sociological Approaches to the Self:

11. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-11 The Self and Socialization Mead: Stages of the Self Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them. Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols. Role taking occurs. Game Stage: Children (8 or 9) consider actual tasks and relationships simultaneously. Sociological Approaches to the Self:

12. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-12 The Self and Socialization Goffman: Presentation of the Self Impression Management: The individual slants the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. Dramaturgical Approach: People resemble performers in action. Backstage/frontstage Sociological Approaches to the Self:

13. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-13 The Self and Socialization Piaget Piaget emphasized the stages (4) humans progress through as the self develops. Freud Freud stressed the role of inborn drives and believed that the self is a social product. He also believed that aspects of personality are influenced by others (especially one’s parents). Psychological Approaches to the Self:

14. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-14 Types of socialization Primary socialization- childhood socialization; birth to puberty (approx.) vital social elements; language, gender identity, the self; ideal cultural norms and values; little choice in socializing agents Adult socialization; picks up where primary leaves off; focus is on “real” world application of values, norms, choice of socializing agents; overt behavior (S.E.E)

15. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-15 Socialization and the Life Course Two types of socialization occur throughout the life course. Anticipatory Socialization: The processes of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for future occupations and social relationships. Resocialization: The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization:

16. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-16 Socialization and life course Over-socialization- an over-compliance with the norms and values of culture. Under-socialization; ………….Isabelle

17. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-17 Rights of passage (culture and bio)

18. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-18 Agents of Socialization The family is the primary agent of socialization. Primary socialization Socialization by the family begins shortly after birth. Names/# of parents/siblings/income Socialization is intentional Socialization is typically, but not always, positive. Family:

19. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-19 Agents of Socialization Schools teach children the values and customs of the larger society. Latent functional approach) Teachers, (types) the technology, texts, peers, and structure of the school are important to Macrosociologists. Schools traditionally socialize children into conventional gender roles. Emphasize dominant ideology. (conflict approach) School:

20. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-20 Agents of Socialization As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others. Peer groups can ease the transition to adult responsibilities. Peer groups typically “re-enforce” existing values Much research supports the importance of peers as it pertains to criminal/deviant behavior. Peer Group:

21. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-21 Agents of socialization -peers

22. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-22 Agents of socialization

23. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-23 Agents of Socialization 47 percent of all children ages 12 to 18 have their own televisions. Increased portability…… Television and movies provide images of race/gender/relationships, etc. The cumulative effect is important. (can be balanced by family) Technology is socializing families into multitasking as the social norm. 33% use internet each day 10-17 Mass Media and Technology:

24. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-24 Agents of Socialization Learning to behave appropriately within an occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization. Socialization in the workplace involves four phases: career choiceanticipatory socialization conditioningcontinuous commitment Workplace:

25. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-25 Agents of Socialization The state has usurped many of the traditional family functions. The state has reinstituted many rites of passage including stipulating the ages at which we are permitted to: drinkdrivevote marryretirework overtime The State: