1. Chapter 15 Sexual Coercion © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

2. 15-2 Rape Nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration, obtained: –by force –by threat of bodily harm –when the victim is incapable of giving consent Includes being drunk, unconscious, or high © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

3. 15-3 Statistics –Some 85,000 rapes were reported in the United States (2010) –Only 21% of rapes by strangers are reported (1988) –Only 2% of rapes by acquaintances are reported (1988) –A woman’s lifetime risk of being raped is between 14% and 25% –More than half of all rapes of women occur before age 18 –22% occur before age 12 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part. Rape

4. 15-4 The Impact of Rape –Post—traumatic stress disorder Long—term psychological distress suffered by someone who has experienced a terrifying event Symptoms of PTSD –Anxiety –Depression –Nightmares –Lack of feeling safe –Self blame © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part. Rape

5. 15-5 The Impact of Rape (cont’d) –Psychological reactions to sexual assault Negative psychological reactions immediately afterward Many show significant recovery within a year Factors associated with worse psychological outcomes: –Re—victimization »experienced sexual violence previously –Severity of the violence »More severe violence associated with worse outcomes –Reactions of others upon disclosure of the assault »Negative reactions produce worse psychological outcomes © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part. Rape

6. 15-6 The Impact of Rape (cont’d) –Damage to women’s physical health Physical injuries –Cuts –Bruises –Vaginal pain & bleeding Irritation or damage to throat Rectal bleeding and pain Sexually transmitted infections Pregnancy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part. Rape

7. 15-7 Rape The Impact of Rape (cont’d) –Rape affects many people besides the victim Most women experience fear of rape, restricting their activities Spouses or partners of victims may also be profoundly affected –Post—traumatic growth Positive life changes and psychological development following exposure to trauma © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

8. 15-8 Rape Date Rape –One of the most common forms of rape especially on college campuses in a national study of college women, 57% of rapes involved a date, often a steady dating partner (1994) 6% of high school seniors were victims of date rape (2002) © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

9. 15-9 Rape Two Factors – why sexually aggressive men misperceive women’s communication –Men tend to misperceive women’s warmth and friendliness as sexual interest –Sexually aggressive men are likely to have a “suspicious schema” believe that women do not communicate honestly especially when the communication clearly and assertively rejects the sexual advance –Rohypnol (flunitzrozepam) So—called “date rape drug” that causes drowsiness or sleep & causes the woman not to remember the event the next day © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

10. 15-10 Rape Marital Rape –The rape by a current spouse –A national probability sample showed that 13% of married women had been raped by a current husband (2002) –Intimate partner rape includes married couples & cohabiting couples –51% of female rape victims were raped by an intimate partner (2011) © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

11. 15-11 Rape Marital Rape –A man who batters his wife also is likely to rape her (2004) –Motives: anger power and domination sadism desire for sex whether or not his partner is willing © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

12. 15-12 Rape Possible Causes –Theoretical views of the nature of rape –Victim—precipitated rape rape is a result of a woman “asking for it” –Psychopathology of rapist rape is committed by a psychologically disturbed man –Feminist a product of gender—role socialization explores the complex links between sex and power –Social disorganization rape rates increase when the social organization of a community is disrupted © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

13. 15-13 Rape Possible Causes –Research indicates a number of factors Cultural values Sexual scripts Early family influences Peer—group influences Characteristics of the situation Miscommunication Sex and power motives Masculinity norms and men’s attitudes © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

14. 15-14 Rape Characteristics of Rapists (2008, 2010) –They hold social cognitions that support rape: women are sexual objects believe that women are dangerous & deceptive a sense of entitlement involving male superiority and control the world in general is dangerous certain behaviors are uncontrollable in the face of strong urges –More likely to have had brain injuries as a child © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

15. 15-15 Rape Characteristics of Rapists (cont’d) –Poor inhibition and self—regulation unable to inhibit aggressive impulses –Lack empathy fail to understand suffering of a rape victim –May have experienced environmental triggers such as being in a war –More likely themselves to have been victims of child sexual abuse (2009) © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

16. 15-16 Rape Men as Victims of Rape –1.4% of men have been raped (2011) –Perpetrators are predominantly male (2011) –78% of women & 58% of men reported being objects of sexual persistence after they had refused (2003) Persistent kissing Perpetrator removing his/her own clothes Telling lies Using physical restraints –Prison rape 22% of male inmates and 7% of female inmates had been objects of sexual coercion prisoners use rape to establish a dominance hierarchy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

17. 15-17 Rape Ethnicity and Rape –History of African American (2004, 2009) Following the Civil War, an African American man convicted of rape or attempted rape of a white woman was typically castrated or lynched There was no penalty for a white man who raped a Black woman –Stereotypes portray African American men & women as being highly sexual –Many African American women believe they will have no credibility as rape victims –Latinas less likely to be victims of rape Latino culture places strong emphasis on protecting women –In Asian cultures, the potential for loss of face by raping serves as a deterrent © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

18. 15-18 Rape Preventing Rape –Three strategies avoiding situations in which there is a high risk of rape if the first strategy has failed, knowing some self—defense techniques in case a rape attempt is actually made changing attitudes that contribute to rape © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

19. 15-19 Rape How to Avoid Date Rape Situations –set sexual limits –decide early if you would like to have intercourse –do not give mixed messages –be forceful and firm –do not do anything you do not want to just to avoid a scene or unpleasantness –be aware that alcohol and drugs are often related to date rape –trust your gut—level feelings © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

20. 15-20 Child Sexual Abuse Patterns of child sexual abuse –20% of women and 5%—10% of men had sexual contact, as a child, with an adolescent or an adult (2005) 94% of all perpetrators were men (1984) –33% of cases occurred under 7 years of age & 40% occurred among girls between 7 & 10 years (1994) Sexual solicitation on the Internet –18% of girls and 8% of boys –youth between ages 10 and 17 received sexual solicitation on the Internet © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

21. 15-21 Child Sexual Abuse Patterns of Incest © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

22. 15-22 Child Sexual Abuse Impact on Victim –Child may be as traumatized by testifying in court as by the abuse itself –Adults who were sexually abused as children displayed: depression anxiety eating disorders substance abuse negative feelings about sex difficulty forming stable, safe romantic relationships © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

23. 15-23 Child Sexual Abuse Impact on Victim (cont’d) –Risk is greatest when: Attempted or completed intercourse occurred Abuse was by a relative Victim told someone & received a negative response –Adult survivors of child sexual abuse more likely to experience sexual disorders Fears of sex (sexual aversion) Lack of sexual desire Lack of arousal © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

24. 15-24 Child Sexual Abuse Impact on Victim (cont’d) –Women survivors of child sexual abuse: More likely to be preoccupied with sex Younger at time of first voluntary intercourse More likely to be teen mothers (2003) –Adult victims of Child Sexual Abuse 1.5 times more likely to have health problems (2005) © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

25. 15-25 Child Sexual Abuse The Offenders –Pedophilia (child molesting) — a paraphilia involving an adult having sexual activity with a prepubescent child incest or pseudoincest (stepchild) offenders molesters of familiar children molesters of unfamiliar children tend to be repeat offenders ( phallometric measures of sexual deviance provide strongest predictor of recidivism) patterns of preference tend to be stable over time © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

26. 15-26 Child Sexual Abuse Treatments for CSA Offenders –Surgical castration –Antiandrogen drugs –Hormones –SSRIs class of antidepressants includes Prozac and Zoloft –Cognitive—behavioral therapy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

27. 15-27 Sexual Harassment: Definition U.S. EEOC definition includes: –unwelcome sexual advances –requests for sexual favors –other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

28. 15-28 Sexual Harassment: Definition EEOC definition says harassment takes place when: –submission is made a term or condition of an individual’s employment or academic advancement –submission or rejection is used as the basis for academic or employment decisions –the conduct unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work or academic performance –the conduct creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working or educational environment © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

29. 15-29 Sexual Harassment At Work: –Between 25 and 50% of women have been sexually harassed at work by supervisors and/or co—workers –Women and men victims report that harassment has negative effects (2008, 2007) emotional and physical condition ability to work with others on the job feelings about work –Women more likely to report damaging consequences Being fired Quiting job (1985) © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

30. 15-30 Sexual Harassment At Work (cont’d) –Evidence links harassment to depression, anxiety, & PTSD (2007) –Why it occurs Combination of gender stereotyping and men’s ambivalent motives, i.e. desiring dominance and intimacy (2009) –Types of sexual harassment Earnest –desires sexual intimacy but won’t take no for an answer Hostile –motivated to dominate woman he sees as competitive with him Paternalistic—ambivalent –desires to be like a father; perceives himself as acting benevolently Competitive—ambivalent –mixes real sexual attraction with hostile desire to dominate © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

31. 15-31 Types of Sexual Harassment Earnest –desires sexual intimacy but won’t take no for an answer Hostile –motivated to dominate women he sees as competitive with him Paternalistic—ambivalent –desires to be like a father; perceives himself as acting benevolently Competitive—ambivalent –mixes real sexual attraction with hostile desire to dominate © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

32. 15-32 Sexual Harassment In Education –Common in College 50% of female students have been harassed by professors –Illegal — Alexander v. Yale a possible violation of civil rights many universities now have grievance procedures for sexual harassment –Common in High School 65% of girls & 78% of boys reported peer sexual harassment during 9 th grade (2009) Doctor – Patient Sex –Coercive & potentially damaging sexual encounters between psychotherapists & client or physicians & clients © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.