1. National Policy and Current Status of Energy Storage in Korea 2007. 5. 17 In-Hwan Oh In-Hwan Oh Korea Institute of Science and Technology Korea Institute of Science and Technology

2. Contents ◆ National Energy Policy ◆ Thermal Energy Storage - Hot Water TES - Cold Heat TES (Chilled Water, Ice) - R&D Status ◆ Electricity Energy Storage ◆ Summary

3. National Energy Consumption Predictions ◆ Energy demand increase rate(4.0%) < Economic growth rate(5.4%) (during 2000 ~2004) ◆ 4.3% increase in total energy demand is expected. 20022008Annual Increase Rate Tot Energy Demand (M toe)2092694.3% Final Energy Demand (M toe)1602034.0% Energy/GDPUnit (toe/’95US1000$)0.310.300.5% Energy Consumption p.c. (toe/man)4.385.473.8%

4. National Energy Saving Policy by Rationalization of Energy Utilization 1.Establishment of Energy Low Consumption Society - Improvement of energy intensity unit (toe/1000$) - Support the energy saving incentive funding program - Support the energy saving market - Energy R&D - Renewable Energy 2. Introduction of Energy Saving Policy - Voluntary energy saving movement by citizen society - Energy saving agreement in industries - Building energy efficiency improvement - Dissemination of highly efficient energy instruments - Dissemination of the energy saving systems

5. Examples of Government’s Supporting Program ◆ Incentive for the Energy Saving Systems ο Applicable energy saving systems - Facilities for power demand control - Energy saving electricity facilities - Energy storage systems ο Supporting contents - Range : 80% of required funds - Limit : 5million US$ for a single project - Condition : 3.5% annual interest rate ◆ Night-time Thermal Storage Power Service - Peak load control - Hot water storage, cold water storage, ice storage - Low electricity cost at night-time, installation support, tax reduction

6. Hot Water Thermal Energy Storage ◆ Hot Water Energy Storage - Started in 1980’s and increased in number since mid 1990’s. - Total power installed : 17,000 MW by 2003. - Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) reduced the supporting program since early 2000’s. Hot Water Storage Boiler and Heaters

7. Installed Capacity of Hot Water TES

8. Cold Heat Thermal Energy Storage ◆ Cold Heat Storage - Peak load in summer time has increased 40% : 43,000MW(2001)→60,000MW(2006). - Government and KEPCO have supported the cold heat storage system since 1991. - Cold water and ice thermal storage systems have been supplied to factory areas and urban commercial buildings, respectively, by 25 companies. - Cold water : ice-on-coil : ice capsule : ice slurry = 10:40:40:10.

9. Examples of Cold Heat TES (EnE System) ICE thermal storage cooling system Ice-Bon ( 氷本 ) · Proprietary technology · Certified innovative technology (KT) · IR52 award Ice-Bon Plus ( 氷本 + 氷子 ) · Overall storage volume can be 50% smaller than those of competitors Differently sized capsules store more ice per volume Chilled Water thermal storage cooling system Aqua-Bon ( 水本 ) · Suitable for building air-conditioning and industrial process chilled water · EnE’s stratification technology is referred as Design Guideline by ASHRAE of USA

10. References of Cold Heat TES Installation (EnE) Aqua-Bon Chilled Water TES Ice-Bon Ice TES LG Siltron 7,900 RT·hr Republic Poly. 26,000 RT·hrSang-Am DMC 45,000 RT·hr National Museum 13,000 RT·hr Rodamco Plaza 24,000 RT·hr 63 Building 17,900 RT·hr

11. Market Share the Cold Heat TES in Korea 52MW

12. Installed Capacity of the Cold Heat Systems Year Number of installation cooling floor area (1000Pyung) Installed capacity (kW) Peak shaving effect (kW) ～ 1992 601879,8738,805 19933018611,2938,614 19945227614,65810,613 19956640218,58113,845 19965639020,81615,133 19975450523,88817,307 19985753937,16025,078 199914646126,58115,088 200052369142,95724,483 20011,4281,05380,11143,674 20021,1731,13486,31347,055 200375391069,20837,718 20046161,07867,40636,549 20053801,15763,53434,562 Total5,3948,969572,379338,524

13. R&D in Thermal Energy Storage ◆ 1980’s - Hot water storage system for solar energy has been started early 1980’s, focusing on thermal stratification in the storage tank. - R&D on phase change materials have been introduced. - Standard for the cold water storage was established and the basic studies on the ice thermal storage were carried out.

14. ◆ 1990’s - Cold water storage systems were distributed in the factory areas, and commercialization of the ice thermal storage system has been done in ice-on-coil type, ice capsule type, and harvest type. - A 4,000 RT class ice slurry type thermal energy storage system from Mueller was firstly installed at mid 1990’s and widely distributed afterwards by domestic companies. - Cross-linked high density polyethylene PCM has been studied for the solar energy storage. - Hot water storage and PCM have been studied, but not efficiently commercialized due to durability standard that required at least 1,200 cycle test.

15. Ice Slurry Type TES System Installed at Commercial Complex HDPE PCM Storage Tank for the Solar System

16. ◆ 2000’s - R&D on ice slurry type thermal energy storage system have been continuously studied and feasibility study on the introduction of such TES systems to the local area cooling was carried out. - Microcapsule PCM system consisting of tetradecane PCM (phase changing temp=5.8 O C) and melamine-formalin resin microcapsules was studied. Microcapsule PCM - Feasibility study on the replacement of the local hot water heating system (60~105 O C) by PCM was carried out.

17. ◆ Pumped Hydro Generation Storage ◆ R&D - Demonstration study on 20kW class battery electricity energy storage and 1MW class system. - Fundamental study on 0.14kWh, 100kW class superconductor energy storage system. - Basic study on 500W class flywheel energy storage. - Hybrid type (supercapacitor+battery, supercapacitor+flywheel). SiteUnit Capacity (MW)Number (Unit) Site Capacity (MW) Muju3002600 Yangyang25041,000 Samcheonpo3002600 Cheongpyung2002400 Sancheong3502700 Total3,300 Electrical Energy Storage

18. ◆ Korean government has a long-term energy saving policy including dissemination of energy storage systems and R&D program on the various technologies. ◆ Energy storage experiences have been accumulated during the past two decades; including 17,000MW in hot water TES systems, 570MW in cold heat TES systems, and 3,300MW in pumped hydro generation storage systems. ◆ Dissemination and R&D in the energy storage, particularly in the cold heat TES, will be continuously emphasized, as the hot water TES system has reached a limit compared to the total peak load of 60,000MW. Summary