1. ALTERNATE FUELS

2. Why Alternative Fuels? As the cost of conventional fuels goes up, the interest in other fuel sources increase. In some cases, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly. Some alternative fuels are more energy efficient.

3. TYPES OF ALTERNATE FUELS Ethanol Natural gas Propane Hydrogen Biodiesel Electricity Methanol

4. ETHANOL Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose that have been converted into simple sugars. Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. Ethanol can degrade quickly in water, therefore, posing less environmental harm than oil in the case of a spill.

5. NATURAL GAS Natural gas is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state. A natural gas vehicle can be less expensive to operate than a comparable conventionally fueled vehicle depending on natural gas prices. The United States has vast natural gas reserves across the country Vehicles tend to cost $3500 to $6000 more than gasoline powered ones.

6. PROPANE Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles because there is already an infrastructure of pipelines, processing facilities, and storage for its efficient distribution. LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than gasoline. Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Propane vehicles can produce fewer ozone-forming emissions than vehicles powered by reformulated gasoline. The cost of a gasoline-gallon equivalent of propane is generally less than that of gasoline, so driving a propane vehicle can save money.

7. HYDROGEN Hydrogen, a gas, will play an important role in developing sustainable transportation in the United States, because in the future it may be produced in virtually unlimited quantities using renewable resources. Hydrogen and oxygen from air fed into a proton exchange membrane fuel cell produce enough electricity to power an electric automobile, without producing harmful emissions. The only byproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water. Currently there are no original equipment manufacturer vehicles available for sale to the general public. Experts estimate that in approximately 10-20 years hydrogen vehicles, and the infrastructure to support them, will start to make an impact.

8. BIO DIESEL Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use.

9. Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles. When used to power electric vehicles, electricity is stored in an energy storage device such as a battery. EV batteries have a limited storage capacity and their electricity must be replenished by plugging the vehicle into an electrical source. EVs have lower "fuel" and maintenance costs than gasoline- powered vehicles. ELECTRICITY

10. Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special materials for delivery and storage. Methanol, in addition, has only 51 percent of the BTU content of gasoline by volume, which means its fuel economy is worse than ethanol's. Methane also can be produced by processing biomass such as grass clippings, sawdust and other cellulose sources. METHANOL

11. There are many different alternative fuel options being developed right now. For those who would like to make a change right now, many of the options are already available and would be suitable for day to day life. But for those of you who would like to stay in the mainstream, the future is looking promising with many alternatives that are inexpensive, efficient, and are environment friendly. By making the right choices and further developing these technologies we have to power to save the planet. CONCLUSION

13. REFERENCES “Biodiesel Emissions.” 5 November 2005. http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/emissions.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/emissions.pdf> “Diesel Engine” 5 November 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine#Dieseling__in_spark “Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services.” http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/ Jensen, Eric J. and Toon, Owen B. “Cirrus Cloud and Climate http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/jskiles/fliers/all_flier_prose/cirrusclou ds_jensen/cirrusclouds_jensen.html

14. THIS PRESENTATION IS PRESENTED BY: VIGNESH RAVI IYER AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, SECTOR 9/A, VASHI