2. Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal Psychology Do Now: With little or no discussion, take a sheet of paper and write down how one might go about determining if someone has abnormal behavior. Objective Lesson 1: Be able to define criteria for determining if behavior may be abnormal.

3. We will write 3 SAQs that will be combined to make all LAQs Notice the Command Terms on your syllabus. Use those learning objectives, not the ones in your text or workbook. SAQ1: With reference to research, discuss the concept of normality and abnormality.

4. Rubric for writing Abnormal Essays Keeping the Learning Objective in Mind: Do not refer to the Abnormal Unit as LOA SAQ1: 1 st sentence: What Abnormal Psychology is: (ex. the study of disorders and abnormal behavior). 2 nd part of the SAQ1: Define and discuss what is normal and abnormal behavior, discuss the difficulty in determining what is abnormal vs normal behavior, using the following topics/or not. Reference: researchers and date – Normal – Abnormal – Statastics – Critics 3 rd part: SAQ2: Since it is difficult to define: we have a diagnostic tool - Discuss the use of the DSM – history of: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuhhJ1BaMk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuhhJ1BaMk Discuss critics of the DSM and diagnosis, including gender, cultural issues, ethics; (labeling can cause bias and self –fulfilling prophecy- Module 27 on Disorders on my AP psychology website) 4 th part: Long Essay 1: Address the specific learning objective (this is the part that changes) We will do this Tues. 11/10 and Wed. 11/11

5. Through out essay keep learning outcome in mind and insert evaluation of the 4 considerations: (cultural, ethical, gender, RM, and whenever possible, but the following makes a good closure for all the abnormal essays) SAQ3: Last Paragraph: Closure – Discuss cultural, gender and ethical considerations in diagnosis and prevalence of disorders.

6. Diagnosing abnormal behavior is Difficult Page 136-146: of blue book list 7 criteria: Rosenhan and Seligman(1984) Is the behavior Maladaptive, Unjustifiable, Atypical, Disturbing (MUDA- learned in AP psychology?) Limitation/Considerations: Culture - matters when Diagnosing and Treating disorders. Situational context – the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior can make a difference on how behavior is labeled. Gender issues – do women have more disorders? accurate diagnosis. Ethical issues – labels, gender bias Research issues – experiment or case studies Level of Analysis – how does one view the basis of behavior

7. Culture Matters Cultural relativity – the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which a person with a disorder was nurtured. Culture-bound syndromes - where a disorder is only found in a particular culture Non-western disorders vs. Western disorders TKS (Taiijin-kyofu-sho) Japan – involves fear that one will do something in public that is socially embarrassing (blushing, staring) Susto – Latino Indians of the Andes – loss of soul by some frightening experience; person falls to the ground; symptoms like depression. Eating Disorders – western cultural disorders

8. Social Cultural issues/key terms Situational context – the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior can make a difference on how behavior is labeled. Subjective discomfort – each person experiences emotional distress, to what extent does distress interfere with a person’s life.

9. Gender Issues: Are the treatments the same for both sexes? Are women more likely to be diagnosed as having a disorder? Are women more likely to seek treatment?

10. The DSM Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.(on-line) Classifyies disorders and describe the symptoms. Does NOT explain the causes or possible cures. Labels person with a disorder. DSM-V Video on history of: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuhhJ1BaMk

11. Ethical Problems with Diagnostic Labeling We come to see that person differently Labels can bias our interpretations and memories of that person or ourselves. Can be self-confirming – we knew it all along (hindsight bias) Self-fulfilling prophesy – we become our diagnosis David Rosenhan(1973) famous study.

12. The Rosenhan Study (1973) Rosenhan’s associates described symptoms of hearing voices. They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. None were exposed as imposters. When released their diagnosis was: schizophrenia in remission. Brings into question the problems with Labeling and Stigma.

13. Are disorders genuine illnesses or they a myth? Thomas Szasz- outspoken critic of psychiatric diagnosis and labels. Mental illness better viewed as “problems in living”. Society invented the concept to control or change people. “Why is it that when we talk to God we are praying, but when God talks to us, we are schizophrenic”

14. Psychopathology The study of mental health that supports the idea that a disorder is an illness diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated (not cured) through therapy.

15. Each level of Analysis looks at disorders differently Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. SocioculturalDysfunctional Society

16. How to write a long essay in the Abnormal Unit Keeping the learning objective in mind, change the information of the SAQs to focus only on answering the objective. Intro sentence: “Abnormal psychology is the study of disorders and behaviors that are considered to be abnormal. One main concern in this area of psychology is when is behavior is so abnormal that it can be considered a disorder. By attempting to give abnormal behavior a definition, researchers have determined that if one exhibits behavior so disturbing to oneself or others and that person is unable to live successfully in society, one would be considered to have a disorder. (Rosenhal, Seligman, date)”. For example, if one is not able to function in society because ……..”

17. Cont…. “Along with some criteria to determine what may constitute abnormal behavior, psychologist and Doctors need use some kind of diagnostic tool….DSM….for a reliable and valid diagnosis. The DSM does describe a treatment but takes the patients symptom….example…..depression”.

18. Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

19. Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes- long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

20. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

21. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the event cause anxiety. Guilt

22. Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion. We will discuss two types. Depression and Bipolar Biological Explanations - Neurotransmitters – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

23. Major Depression A.K.A. unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders. Dysthymia – a moderate depression that lasts for 2 years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor. Cyclothymia – mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and last 2 yrs.

24. Bipolar Disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. May be related to ADHD – hyperactivity-excessive movement and low concentration.

25. Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia, with more young men diagnosed rather than women. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1.Disorganized thinking. 2.Disturbed Perceptions 3.Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

26. Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

27. Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

28. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

29. Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones.

30. Biological Key Terms Heredity – Predisposition: the likelihood for developing a disorder. (OCD) Brain function – higher degree of activity in the frontal lobes (OCD) - high ordered thinking and amygdala (phobias) – emotional part. Evolution - fear associated with situations that posed danger to earliest humans. (anxiety in general)

31. Social Cultural Key Terms Conditioning – learned to associate fear with certain places or things due to cultural experiences. Observational learning – fear learned from observing others (Bandura’s Bobo doll) Reinforcement – learned to associate emotions with actions. Get some kind of Pay- off (OCD). Cognitive Key Terms Maladaptive thinking – Catastrophizing - believing something is far worse than it is.

32. Two Main Types of Therapy Psychotherapies – talk therapy, includes group, insight, action or a combination. Biomedical – drugs or some medical procedure such as electrical shock treatment (ECT). Most therapy today focus on individual therapy and include some kind of action, others include group therapy, which is not for everyone but its cheap!

33. Cognitive Therapy Change the way we Think about the world (change our schemas) Aaron Beck – focus on changing maladaptive thinking cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) - Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT) – more challenging less accepting of irrational beliefs and thoughts. Make you do homework and report back. Combined with Behavior modification – now called Applied behavior Analysis(ABA)

34. Group Therapy Not for the shy Self-help Group therapy like AA and ALNON, etc. “Keep coming back it works!” Family counseling (therapy) May or may not use a trained therapist. Lean towards a Humanistic approach

35. Somatic Therapies – Biomedical- 3 types: drugs, surgery, shock(ECT) Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

36. How effective is therapy? Hard to measure. Different problems take different therapy. People are different – some want help, some do not. Placebo effect Most crucial – therapeutic alliance between client and therapist. Gender and culture matter. Most important is the individual outlook on life and each individual way of perceiving themselves in society.

37. Stress is a major cause of disorders we have a physical response (how does it make your body feel) a cognitive one (what are you thinking) a behavioral one (what are you going to do)

38. Vulnerability-stress-model (aka Diasthesis-stress-hypothesis ) Predisposition: If someone who has a genetic predisposition to depression. Environmental influences: suffers a traumatic loss May be prime to develop a depressive disorder.

39. Bio-Psycho-Social Model Causes of Disorder (aka. Diathesis-Stress view)

40. How valid and reliable are Diagnosis? How do we know a diagnosis is valid? How do we choose a therapy? Therapist? What is the best therapy? Is the DSM valid? Reliable? How long does one continue with therapy?

41. Eclectic Approach Read in your blue text This could also be used as a closure for some of the other essays If it is the question you choose to write about on the IB exam, you could combine the other essays and discuss throughout the essay how a combined treatment or way of looking at disorders would be more effective.

42. Rubric for writing Abnormal Essays Keeping the Learning Objective in Mind: Do not refer to the Abnormal Unit as an LOA What Abnormal Psychology is: the study of disorders and abnormal behavior. Discuss the difficulty in determining what is abnormal vs normal behavior – Normal – Abnormal – Stats – Critics Since it is difficult to define: we have a diagnostic tool - Discuss the use of the DSM – history of: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuhhJ1BaMk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcuhhJ1BaMk Discuss critics of the DSM and diagnosis, including gender, cultural issues, ethics (labeling can cause bias and self –fulfilling prophecy) Address the specific learning objective (this is the part that changes) Closure - Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosis and therapy, or what ever the learning objective is. Through out essay keep learning outcome in mind and insert evaluation of the 4 considerations: (ethical, gender, RM, and culture whenever possible)