1. Global Peacemaker Chapter 19, Section 4

2. Wilson’s Vision for Peace Fourteen Points – Wilson’s proposal in 1918 for a postwar European peace It called for: – an end to the entangling alliances –the reduction of armaments –the self-determination of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups (this means they had the power to make decisions about their own future)

3. THE PARIS PEACECONFERENCE The Peace Treaty

4. WILSON:THE IDEALIST Wilson represented the US He chose not to bring any senators or representatives – this would later have negative repercussions at home Wilson was warmly welcomed in Paris and claimed that he was not interested in the spoils (rewards) of war His goal was to establish a permanent agency to guarantee international stability

5. THE COMPROMISE The rest of the Allies were interested in the spoils of war & wanted Germany’s colonies France wanted even more from Germany – they pressed for Germany’s humiliation and destruction Russia was absent from the conference & recuperating from a civil war; Vladimir Lenin made it clear that he was not interested in any spoils of war and signed a “Treaty of Friendship & Cooperation” with Germany to prove it Wilson had to give-up the idea of respecting the rights of the people of Germany’s colonies & agreed that the Allied powers could take them over

6. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Developed by President Wilson An organization in which the nation’s of the world would join together to ensure the security & peace for all members “An attack on one member of the League is an attack on all members” Was not accepted in the US because if the US joined, they did not want to be dragged into another European war

7. THE PEACE TREATY

8. The big four Great Britain – David Lloyd George France – Georges Clemeceau Italy – Vittorio Orlando US – Woodrow Wilson Met in 1919 for a peace conference and dominated Because there was so much opposition to the League in the US, this weakened Wilson’s presence

9. The French premier, Clemenceau, took advantage of that weakness and demanded harsh penalties against Germany Nine new nations were created as spoils of war, including Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland This failed to resolve any ethnic tensions within the new boundaries – and if anything is a major reason for the harsh treatment of these ethnic minorities during WWII Italy felt snubbed at the meetings because Vittorio Orlando, the Italian prime minister, did not get the land he was promised when Italy joined the Allied forces in 1915

10. War Guilt Clause & Reparations France finally gets what it wanted War Guilt Clause: Germany was responsible for starting the war War Reparations: Germany owes the Allies $33 billion This will lead to tension, hatred, and revenge between Germany and the Allied Powers that the world will see again during Hitler’s reign

11. The Versailles Treaty - 1919 This was the official name of the Peace Treaty The Germans at first refused to sign it, but when the French threatened to invade, they gave in The great powers signed the treaty at Versailles the former home of the French kings Even the location offered an opportunity to humiliate Germany

12. Reactions at Home

13. A Divided United States “Irreconcilables” - the senators that opposed the Versailles Treaty because it committed the US to the League of Nations; not willing to compromise “Reservationists” – senators that wanted to impose reservations or restrictions on American participation in the League; wanted the Monroe Doctrine to remain; willing to compromise

14. Wilson Tours the Country Wilson wanted to win support for the League, so he took a grass-roots approach and toured the country In 23 days, he delivered more than 3 dozen speeches He suffered a massive stroke on the tour that paralyzed one side of his body The stroke made him more stubborn about the League of Nations – no more compromising The Senators vote on the Peace Treaty three times and all three times it is rejected

15. A Formal End to Hostilities In 1920, Congress voted to disregard the Treaty and declare the war officially over, but Wilson vetoed the resolution In 1921, Congress finally was able to pass the Peace Treaty - when there was a new president

16. Difficult Postwar Adjustments US economy on the up – US was the world’s largest creditor nation ($11.5 billion owed to us) No jobs for returning servicemen – African Americans were the last to find jobs and were not greeted warmly when returned from war Women had to readjust to the home life again There was a postwar gloom – no more optimism The Lost Generation represented poets, artists, and intellectuals who entered the postwar years with a sense of gloom and disillusionment