2. Toward An Urban America Section 3 A Changing Culture

3. Expanding Education Public High schools increased from 100 in 1860 to 6000 in 1900 and to 12,000 in 1914. However, most of the students enrolled in high schools were girls because the boys often went to work to help their families financially. Public schools were not always offered to everyone. African American children had no choice but to attend segregated schools. Where were Native Americans trained for industrial jobs?

4. Progressive Education John Dewey- didn’t agree with emphasizing just memorization of information but felt schools should relate learning to the interests, problems and concerns of students.

5. Higher Education Morrill Act- gave the states large amounts of federal land that could be sold to raise money for education Land-grant colleges were schools that were started using the funds from the Morrill Act. Some colleges were named for the individuals who donated funds to start the school.

6. Women, Minorities, and Higher Education In 1865 only a handful of colleges admitted women, by 1910 almost 40% of all American college students were women. Few colleges offered higher education to African Americans. Hampton Institute in Virginia offered degrees in theology, medicine, law, and agriculture.

7. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was an educator who established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to train teachers and to provide practical education for African Americans. He later became influential in business and politics.

8. George Washington Carver George Washington Carver was a scientist who joined the Tuskegee Institute faculty in 1896. His research transformed agriculture in the South. From the peanut, he developed hundreds of products, some of which were plastics, synthetic rubber, shaving cream, and paper.

9. Libraries Andrew Carnegie pledged to build a public library in any city that would agree to pay its operating costs. In the next 30 years, he contributed over 2,000 libraries throughout the world.

10. Newspapers Technology made printing more readily accessible. Joseph Pulitzer, published the New York World and William Randolph Hearst published the Morning Journal. Their style of writing was known as yellow journalism. Yellow journalism was a style of sensational writing that depicted gruesome and dramatic aspects of stories

11. Literature Writers of this era explored a type of writing called realism. This style of writing sought to describe the lives of people around them. Mark Twain, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Edith Wharton, and Horatio Alger were popular realism writers of this time. When did paperbacks appear for the first time?

12. Music Jazz music was developed by African American musicians in New Orleans in the late 1800s. Jazz combined elements of work songs, gospel, music, spirituals, and African rhythms. Ragtime music was highly related to jazz and for about 20 years was the dominant force in popular music. Scott Joplin was a well known ragtime composer

13. Leisure People began to enjoy increasing amounts of free time. Popular leisure time activities included football and baseball which was a the most popular spectator sport. Basketball became popular and is considered the only major sport that is completely American in origin.

14. Entertainment People also began to attend plays ranging from Shakespeare to vaudeville shows, which were variety shows with dancing, singing, comedy, and magic acts. Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the “moving pictures”. Nickelodeons were theaters that charged five cents to see short films. These were the beginning of today's film industry.