1. History 171C The United States and the World 1898-1945

2. Depression-Era Diplomacy

3. Dawes and Young Plans, 1924 & 1929 Charles Dawes Owen Young

4. U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Vladimir Lenin

5. U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Insistence on payment of debts Vladimir Lenin

6. U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Insistence on payment of debts But inability to prevent American capitalists from trading with and investing in Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin

7. 1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war!

8. Prelude to Kellogg-Briand Pact: Raymond Orteig

9. Prelude to Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1927—Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight to Paris generated considerable Franco-U.S. goodwill

10. After Lindbergh flight, France proposed Franco-U.S. mutual non-aggression pact Frank Kellogg Aristide Briand

11. 1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact U.S. motives: Evading alliance with France Catering to pacifist mood Frank Kellogg Aristide Briand

12. 1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact

13. Depression-Era Diplomacy

14. Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

15. The Great Depression was rooted in the maldistribution of wealth in the United States

16. A very small number of people had too much money

17. ... and a very large number had too little

18. The people with too little money did not have sufficient purchasing power to buy all the goods and services that were being produced

19. The wealthy, in effect, lending to the less well-off Credit buying in the 1920s

20. Wall Street in the 1920s

22. The Stock Market Crash left private investors unable, or unwilling, to keep investing in the US economy, resulting in massive business failures and job losses

23. Devastating impact of Great Depression

25. Herbert Hoover

26. “Hooverville”

27. “Hoover Wagon”

28. “Hoover Blanket”

29. U.S. investors stopped lending to foreign borrowers, who defaulted on loans International dimensions of Great Depression

30. Trade crisis exacerbated by Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930 Part of more general global pattern of economic nationalism and insularity W.C. Hawley and Reed Smoot

31. Herbert Hoover

32. Increasing tensions between U.S. and Japan: Competition over China, especially Manchuria

33. South Manchuria Railway

34. Late 1920s—Chinese Koumintang (Goumindang) challenged Japanese encroachment on Manchuria

35. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang)

36. Response to Koumintang (Goumindang) challenge to Japanese encroachment on Manchuria Manchurian crisis, 1931

37. Outrage in U.S. (and elsewhere) over Japanese intervention

38. U.S. response to intervention in Manchuria: Stimson Doctrine, 1932 U.S. not to recognize legality of intervention or of any arrangement contrary to Kellogg- Briand Pact Secretary of State Henry Stimson

39. Herbert Hoover

40. League of Nations

41. Spring-Summer 1932— groups of WWI marched to Washington, DC, to demand early payment of military bonus The Bonus Army, 1932

45. General Douglas MacArthur and his aide, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower

46. Summer 1932—MacArthur’s troops violently expelled the Bonus Army and destroyed its encampments

47. Hoover’s mishandling of the Bonus March helped to ensure his defeat to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election HooverRoosevelt

48. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945

49. FDR Scion of a wealthy Dutch-American family

50. FDR Idolized Theodore Roosevelt, his distant relative

51. New York State Assemblyman, 1881-1884 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1997-1898 Governor of New York, 1899-1901 Vice President, 1901 President, 1901-1909 TR

52. New York State Senator, 1911-1913 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913-1920 Democratic Candidate for Vice President, 1920 Governor of New York, 1929-1933 President, 1933-1945 FDR

53. FDR & Polio