1. Do Now: Get a textbook and turn to page 221 Read section 9.1: Chemical Pathways Answer Questions 1-4 on page 225

2. Cellular Energy

3. DNA Test Re-takes Thurs 1/21/16 after school, rm 303 Fri 1/22/16 after school, rm 303

4. 8.1: How Organisms Obtain Energy MAIN IDEA: All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes.

5. Why do living things need energy?

6. Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Metabolic pathway – product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction; like a chain reaction

7. 2 Types of Metabolic Pathways Catabolic – break down large molecules & release energy Anabolic – use energy from catabolic to build larger molecules from smaller ones Relationship between 2 pathways – continual energy flow

8. Metabolic Pathways in an Ecosystem Photosynthesis Anabolic Light energy (sun)  chemical energy Stores chemical energy in glucose Can be used by autotroph or consumed as food Cellular Respiration Catabolic Organic molecules broken down to release chemical energy

10. ATP: Unit of Cellular Energy ATP = Adenosine triphosphate Provides chemical energy for cells Found in all living things Most abundant energy molecule Made of adenine base, ribose (sugar), and 3 phosphate groups

11. ATP molecule

12. ATP Function ATP stores energy in bond between 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups When this bond is broken :  energy is released  forms a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group

14. Do Now: Write the answers in your notebooks What is the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph? Name an example of a catabolic reaction and an anabolic reaction

15. Is a Venus flytrap an autotroph or a heterotroph? What would happen if we put an aquatic plant in the yellow solution that you exhaled CO2 into?

16. 8.2: Photosynthesis MAIN IDEA: Light energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

17. Photosynthesis Process by which autotrophs like plants (and some bacteria and green algae) make their own food Takes place if organism has chlorophyll (green pigment) Usually happens in leaves

18. Photosynthesis cont. (don’t copy) Anabolic reaction Requires energy in form of sunlight Uses water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make glucose

19. What do plants need?

20. Which are used in photosynthesis?

21. Photosynthesis Equation sunlight Water + carbon dioxide  oxygen + glucose sunlight 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

22. How do plants get what they need?

23. Plant Structure and Photosynthesis Plants get water from roots, transported to leaves by xylem Stomata – “doorways” into leaves for gases  CO 2 in and O 2 out  Gases cannot pass through cuticle Sunlight captured in chloroplasts in cells, which produce chlorophyll

24. Xylem

25. Stomata

28. Chloroplast

29. Why do plants need sugar (glucose)?

30. Plants use glucose for… Sugar gives plants energy Starch (storage) gives consumers energy Cellulose – provides structure It can make some larger molecules plants need (like lipids and proteins)

32. Photosynthesis Reactions 2 main phases:  Light-dependent reactions  Light-independent reactions

33. 2 Phases Phase 1: Light-dependent reactions  Light needed  Occurs in thylakoids Phase 2: Light-independent (Calvin Cycle)  Light not directly needed  Occurs in stroma

34. Phase 1: Light Reactions PURPOSE: Light energy  chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH 1.Light absorbed by pigments (chlorophyll and accessory pigments) 2. Water is split by light, oxygen released

35. Light Reactions 3. Electron transport chain: electrons from water go through chain to make NADPH 4. Chemiosmosis: Hydrogen from water used to store energy in ATP

37. Phase 2: Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): PURPOSE: Energy from NADPH and ATP is stored in molecules of glucose ATP and NADPH – only short-term energy storage Glucose – stores energy for a long time

38. Calvin Cycle 1. Carbon dioxide used to start cycle 2. Enzyme rubisco is used to convert carbon dioxide to glucose 3. Glucose = long-term energy storage

41. 8.3: Cellular Respiration MAIN IDEA: Living organisms obtain energy during cellular respiration.

42. What do you remember…? How do our bodies use our food for energy? Is cellular respiration breathing? Explain.

43. Cellular Respiration Overview catabolic reaction Occurs in mitochondria Uses glucose and oxygen to make energy (ATP) ALL organisms go through respiration- some aerobic (needs oxygen), some anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen)

44. Cellular Respiration Equation Glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy REVERSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!

45. Mitochondria: “the powerhouse”

47. Stages of Respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron Transport

49. 1 st Stage: Glycolysis Anaerobic Occurs in cytoplasm Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate Makes 2 ATPs

51. 2 nd Stage: Krebs Cycle ( A.K.A - TCA or citric acid cycle) Pyruvate still has a lot of energy – must be broken down to CO 2 Occurs in mitochondrial matrix makes 2 ATP

53. Electron Transport Final step of cellular respiration Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae) The most ATP produced here (about 30-34 ATP)

55. Review: Put the steps in order at the top of a chart: Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Glycolysis

56. Fill into your chart: (Some are used more than once!) Makes 2 ATP Makes 30 ATP Aerobic Anaerobic In cytoplasm In cristae Makes carbon dioxide Uses oxygen In matrix

57. Anaerobic Respiration Happens with low oxygen Cells still do glycolysis CANNOT do Krebs or e- transport Instead, cell does fermentation to keep glycolysis going -ONLY MAKES 2 ATP!!

58. Fermentation: 2 Types Lactic acid fermentation  Pyruvate  lactic acid  Skeletal muscle produces during strenuous exercise  Some microorganisms do this – used to make cheese, yogurt, sour cream

59. Fermentation: 2 Types Alcohol fermentation  Occurs in yeast and some bacteria  Pyruvate  alcohol and carbon dioxide