1. Learning Objectives Understand research on attachment types. Be able to explain strengths & weaknesses of this research. ______________________________ Mary Ainsworth(1913-1999) Born in USA. Had a huge influence on Bowlby. She was interested in researching individual differences in attachment types. Clip introducing Mary Ainsworth's work

2. Ainsworth’s early research  The Ugandan study (1967):  Conducted a 2 year naturalistic observation of 26 mothers & their infants in 6 villages around Kampala.  Observed some mothers were more ‘sensitive’ to their babies needs. These babies seemed more ‘securely attached’: cried less, were content to explore, became more competent & independent. This research supports Bowlby’s theory.  The Ugandan study (1967):  Conducted a 2 year naturalistic observation of 26 mothers & their infants in 6 villages around Kampala.  Observed some mothers were more ‘sensitive’ to their babies needs. These babies seemed more ‘securely attached’: cried less, were content to explore, became more competent & independent. This research supports Bowlby’s theory.

3.  The Baltimore (USA)study (71);  Observed & interviewed 26 mothers & infants from birth to 1 year of age.  The attachment relationship was assessed using a method called ‘THE STRANGE SITUATION’. FINDINGS:  The most securely attached infants had the most sensitive mothers.  Learning theory cannot explain this as it would argue rewarding crying with attention would increase crying, but in fact it does not.  Bowlby’s evolutionary theory does explain the findings. How? Clip of the Strange Situation Procedure in detail  The Baltimore (USA)study (71);  Observed & interviewed 26 mothers & infants from birth to 1 year of age.  The attachment relationship was assessed using a method called ‘THE STRANGE SITUATION’. FINDINGS:  The most securely attached infants had the most sensitive mothers.  Learning theory cannot explain this as it would argue rewarding crying with attention would increase crying, but in fact it does not.  Bowlby’s evolutionary theory does explain the findings. How? Clip of the Strange Situation Procedure in detail

4. TASK: Create a cartoon strip of the steps involved in the strange situation procedure. Use the table provided. Include colourful drawings, captions and make the order clear. The best ones will be colour copied & displayed in the classroom! See p. 40 (Cardwell) for the 8 steps. Include all the key terms (see terms under ‘Behaviour assessed’ heading). TASK: Create a cartoon strip of the steps involved in the strange situation procedure. Use the table provided. Include colourful drawings, captions and make the order clear. The best ones will be colour copied & displayed in the classroom! See p. 40 (Cardwell) for the 8 steps. Include all the key terms (see terms under ‘Behaviour assessed’ heading).

5. The Strange Situation study -Ainsworth & Wittig (78) Aim: Observe how infants (9-18 months) behave under conditions of mild stress & novelty. Procedure: See cartoon strip. A group of observers record what infant is doing every 15 secs. They record frequency & intensity(on a scale of 1-7) of the following 5 behaviours;  Proximity & contact seeking  Contact-maintaining behaviour  Proximity & interaction-avoiding behaviours  Contact & interaction-resisting behaviours  Search behaviours ___________________________________________________ TASK (5 mins): In pairs come up with ideas about what exactly these behaviours might look like. Teacher: Share ideas with class. Student: Write these examples at the side of each behaviour in your notes (this page). Aim: Observe how infants (9-18 months) behave under conditions of mild stress & novelty. Procedure: See cartoon strip. A group of observers record what infant is doing every 15 secs. They record frequency & intensity(on a scale of 1-7) of the following 5 behaviours;  Proximity & contact seeking  Contact-maintaining behaviour  Proximity & interaction-avoiding behaviours  Contact & interaction-resisting behaviours  Search behaviours ___________________________________________________ TASK (5 mins): In pairs come up with ideas about what exactly these behaviours might look like. Teacher: Share ideas with class. Student: Write these examples at the side of each behaviour in your notes (this page).

6. FINDINGS:  Collated results from 106 middle class infants. Found in general: FINDINGS:  Collated results from 106 middle class infants. Found in general: Exploration declined after step 2 Amount of crying increased after step 2 Proximity-seeking & contact-maintaining intensified Contact-resisting & proximity-avoiding occurred rarely towards caregiver before step 4. Ainsworth distinguished 3 main TYPES of attachment. Secure, Insecure-avoidant (anxious), Insecure-resistant (ambivalent). Exploration declined after step 2 Amount of crying increased after step 2 Proximity-seeking & contact-maintaining intensified Contact-resisting & proximity-avoiding occurred rarely towards caregiver before step 4. Ainsworth distinguished 3 main TYPES of attachment. Secure, Insecure-avoidant (anxious), Insecure-resistant (ambivalent).

7. Types of Attachment TASK: Card Sort – work in small groups.  Under the 3 main headings of attachment types, place the behaviours that you think may be characteristic of each one. See handout to check answers Clips: Explanations of the attachment types Secure attachment Insecure- avoidant (anxious) Insecure- resistant (ambivalent)

8. TASK: Read the following 6 evaluative (AO2) points and clearly indicate at the side of each in brightly coloured pen whether or not they are strengths or weaknesses of Ainsworth’s research.

9. Evaluation of Ainsworth’s research 1.Look at the following research findings: So what criticism can be made of Ainsworth’s research? __________________________________________ _______________________________________ Disorganised attachment type Evaluation of Ainsworth’s research 1.Look at the following research findings: So what criticism can be made of Ainsworth’s research? __________________________________________ _______________________________________ Disorganised attachment type Main & Solomon(86) – analysed over 200 videos of the strange situation expt and suggested a 4 th type of attachment: Insecure-disorganised: Inconsistent behaviour patterns May show strong attachment immediately followed by avoidance/fear Displays odd behaviour/movements in presence of caregiver

10. 2. Ainsworth’s method may not be VALID as it only measures attachment with ONE person. Main & West(81)found behaviour to be different depending on which parent they were tested with. 3. Bowlby defended Ainsworth’s method by saying that it is the primary caregiver that has the most influence, and if the attachment with them is insecure, then that will become internalised so that it is characteristic of the child. What do you think ‘internalised’ means? _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Ainsworth’s method may not be VALID as it only measures attachment with ONE person. Main & West(81)found behaviour to be different depending on which parent they were tested with. 3. Bowlby defended Ainsworth’s method by saying that it is the primary caregiver that has the most influence, and if the attachment with them is insecure, then that will become internalised so that it is characteristic of the child. What do you think ‘internalised’ means? _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

11. 4. Reliability between trained observers in the strange situation was found to be good - 94% agreement between raters. 5. There is an ethical concern about Ainsworth’s study. 20% of the infants cried ‘desperately’ in episode 6. But Ainsworth said this situation is no different to separation events in real life (e.g. Dropping a child off at nursery etc). What is your opinion? ___________________________ 6. Circle of Security: Make notes on real world applications on page 43 of Cardwell. Clip of this project 4. Reliability between trained observers in the strange situation was found to be good - 94% agreement between raters. 5. There is an ethical concern about Ainsworth’s study. 20% of the infants cried ‘desperately’ in episode 6. But Ainsworth said this situation is no different to separation events in real life (e.g. Dropping a child off at nursery etc). What is your opinion? ___________________________ 6. Circle of Security: Make notes on real world applications on page 43 of Cardwell. Clip of this project

12. Plenary – Guess the word Play in pairs. First person writes a key term on a post-it note & sticks it to the other persons forehead. This person has to ask questions in order to guess the phrase / word. RULES: First person can only answer YES or No to the questions. No clues allowed. No cheating. Take it in turns. The term or phrase has to be from this topic on Ainsworth. Play in pairs. First person writes a key term on a post-it note & sticks it to the other persons forehead. This person has to ask questions in order to guess the phrase / word. RULES: First person can only answer YES or No to the questions. No clues allowed. No cheating. Take it in turns. The term or phrase has to be from this topic on Ainsworth.

13. Exam questions – timed & share 1,2,3. Plan for 4 - hmwk 1.Outline a summary of the strange situation(4marks) Tip: Do not just write a list. 2. Explain the differences between Ainsworth’s 3 attachment types. (6 marks) 3. Explain 2 criticisms of Ainsworth’s research (4 marks) _________________________________________ 4. Discuss research into different types of attachment (12 marks). Tip for qn4: Remember 6 marks are for AO1 & 6 marks are for AO2. Try to use some of the following phrases in your answer. 1.Outline a summary of the strange situation(4marks) Tip: Do not just write a list. 2. Explain the differences between Ainsworth’s 3 attachment types. (6 marks) 3. Explain 2 criticisms of Ainsworth’s research (4 marks) _________________________________________ 4. Discuss research into different types of attachment (12 marks). Tip for qn4: Remember 6 marks are for AO1 & 6 marks are for AO2. Try to use some of the following phrases in your answer. This suggests that..... This is supported by......... So we can see that...... This is challenged by........ This would imply....... An advantage of this is....... A weakness of this idea is..... Evidence that contradicts this is....... An alternative explanation is........ In defence of Ainsworth..............