2. Chapter 49.4, 7.6 Cellular Respiration: Gas Exchange, Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration ATP

3. Cellular Respiration

4. Gas Exchange  O 2 & CO 2 exchange  provides O 2 for aerobic cellular respiration  exchange between environment & cells  need high surface area  need moist membrane Respiration for respiration…

5. Optimizing Gas Exchange  Why high surface area?  maximizing rate of gas exchange  CO 2 & O 2 move across cell membrane by diffusion  rate of diffusion proportional to surface area  Why moist membranes?  moisture maintains cell membrane structure  gases diffuse only dissolved in water High surface area? High surface area! Where have we heard that before?

6. Gas Exchange in Many Forms… endotherm vs. ectotherm size water vs. land one-celled amphibians echinoderms insects fish mammals

7.  Exchange surface, but also creates risk:  entry point for environment into body  Exchange surface, but also creates risk:  entry point for environment into body Lungs spongy texture, honeycombed with moist epithelium

8. Alveoli  Gas exchange across thin epithelium of millions of alveoli  total surface area in humans ~75 m 2

9. Diffusion of Gases  Concentration & pressure drives movement of gases into & out of blood at both lungs & body tissue bloodlungs CO 2 O2O2 O2O2 bloodbody CO 2 O2O2 O2O2 capillaries in lungscapillaries in muscle

10. Hemoglobin  Why use a carrier molecule?  O 2 not soluble enough in H 2 O for animal needs  blood alone could not provide enough O 2 to animal cells  hemocyanin in insects = copper (bluish)  hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron (reddish)  Reversibly binds O 2  loading O 2 at lungs or gills & unloading at cells cooperativity heme group

11. Cooperativity in Hemoglobin  Binding O 2  binding of O 2 to 1 st subunit causes shape change to other subunits  conformational change  increasing attraction to O 2  Releasing O 2  when 1 st subunit releases O 2, causes shape change to other subunits  conformational change  lowers attraction to O 2

12. O 2 Dissociation Curve for Hemoglobin Bohr Shift  drop in pH lowers affinity of Hb for O 2  active tissue (producing CO 2 ) lowers blood pH & induces Hb to release more O 2 P O 2 (mm Hg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 020406080100120140 More O 2 delivered to tissues pH 7.60 pH 7.20 pH 7.40 % oxyhemoglobin saturation Effect of pH (CO 2 concentration)

13. O 2 Dissociation Curve for Hemoglobin P O 2 (mm Hg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 020406080100120140 More O 2 delivered to tissues 20°C 43°C 37°C % oxyhemoglobin saturation Effect of Temperature  increase in temperature lowers affinity of Hb for O 2  active muscle produces heat

14. Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) What is the adaptive advantage? 2 alpha & 2 gamma units  HbF has greater attraction to O 2 than Hb  low O 2 % by time blood reaches placenta  fetal Hb must be able to bind O 2 with greater attraction than maternal Hb

15. Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates  Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels  polysaccharides    glucose  ex. starch, glycogen  other 6C sugars    glucose  ex. galactose, fructose hydrolysis modified

16.  proteins      amino acids Beyond glucose: Proteins hydrolysis amino group = waste product excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages N H H C—OH || O H | —C— | R waste glycolysis Krebs cycle

17. Beyond glucose: Fats  Fats      glycerol & fatty acids  glycerol (3C)   DHAP   glycolysis  fatty acids  hydrolysis 2C acetyl groups  acetyl coA  Krebs cycle enters glycolysis as DHAP glycerol enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA fatty acids

18. Carbohydrates vs. Fats fat carbohydrate  Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate  more C in gram of fat  more O in gram of carbohydrate  so it’s already partly oxidized Check the energy per gram listings on the Nutritional Fact sheet on all foods

19.  Coordination of digestion & synthesis  by regulating enzyme  Digestion  digestion of carbohydrates, fats & proteins  all catabolized through same pathways  enter at different points  cell extracts energy from every source Metabolism CO 2

20. Metabolism Krebs cycle intermediaries    amino acids pyruvate   glucose acetyl CoA   fatty acids  Coordination of digestion & synthesis  by regulating enzymes  Synthesis  enough energy? build stuff!  cell uses points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis  run the pathways “backwards”  eat too much fuel, build fat Cells are versatile & thrifty

21. Carbohydrate Metabolism  The many stops on the “Carbo Line” gluconeogenesis

22. Lipid Metabolism  The many stops on the “Lipid Line”

23. Amino Acid Metabolism  The many stops on the “AA Line”

24. Nucleotide Metabolism  The many stops on the “GATC Line”

25. What – rather – where is this??? Can you tell me which way to The Mitre? I’m looking for a good pint of bitter! Name the city in 10 seconds to earn Sheldon’s respect!

26. Control of Respiration Feedback Control of Cellular Respiration

27. G is an allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1 Feedback Inhibition  Regulation & coordination of production  production is self-limiting  final product is inhibitor of earlier step  allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme  no unnecessary accumulation of product A  B  C  D  E  F  GA  B  C  D  E  F  G enzyme 1  enzyme 2  enzyme 3  enzyme 4  enzyme 5  enzyme 6  X

28. Respond to cell’s needs Why is this regulation important? Balancing act: availability of raw materials vs. energy demands vs. synthesis  Key points of control  phosphofructokinase  allosteric regulation of enzyme  “can’t turn back” step before splitting glucose  ↑ [AMP] & [ADP] stimulate (activators)  ↑ [ATP] inhibits  ↑ [citrate] inhibits

29. A Metabolic Economy  Basic principles of supply & demand regulate metabolic economy  balance the supply of raw materials with the products produced  these molecules become feedback regulators  they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle  AMP, ADP, ATP regulation by final products & raw materials  levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways  levels of other bio-molecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways

30. It’s a Balancing Act  Balancing synthesis with availability of both energy & raw materials is essential for survival!  do it well & you survive longer  you survive longer & you have more offspring  you have more offspring & you get to “take over the world” Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & synthesis make ATP or store it as fat Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & synthesis make ATP or store it as fat The world is mine! NERDS EVERYWHERE! BWAHAHAHA!

31. Any Questions?? That wasn’t such a bad chapter now, was it? It’s not like we will ever see it again. Weeeeelllllllll… Actually, don’t quote me on that.